Passwork 7.1.2 release

Passwork

Sep 8, 2025 — 2 min read

In the new version, we have introduced the capability to create custom vault types with automatically assigned administrators, refined the inheritance of group-based access rights and handling of TOTP code parameters, as well as made numerous fixes and improvements.

Vault types

In Passwork 7.1, you can create custom vault types with flexible settings tailored to your organization’s needs:

Each vault type allows you to assign dedicated administrators, set restrictions on vault creation and define a creator's access level
When you create a vault or change it's type, select corporate administrators automatically gain access to it. Other administrators won't be able to lower their access level or remove them altogether
Now you can set up different vault types for various departments or projects, assign relevant administrators, and configure permissions for specific tasks

Viewing all system vaults

We've added an ability to view all vaults created within the organization, including the private ones. The list displays only the names of the vaults as well as users and groups that have access to them, while the vault contents are still available strictly to users with direct access. This opens up extensive opportunities for system-wide data storage audits. Access to the vault list is determined by role settings.

Improvements

Improved the logic of inheriting access from multiple groups: now if a user belongs to groups with both "Full access" and "Forbidden" rights to a specific directory, the 'Forbidden' access level will be applied
Added "Access level required to leave vaults" and "Access level required to copy folders and passwords" settings
Added the option to show a custom banner to unauthenticated users: when the "Show to unauthenticated users" option is enabled, the banner will be visible on the sign-in, sign-up, master password and password reset pages
Added processing of digits and period parameters during TOTP code generation
Added clickable links to vaults, folders, passwords, roles, groups, and users in notifications
Added transfer of user session history when migrating from Passwork 6

Bug fixes

Fixed an issue where the 2FA setup page did not appear when logging into Passwork after enabling "Mandatory 2FA" in role settings
Fixed incorrect counting of failed login attempts with active "Limit on failed login attempts within a specified time frame" setting
Fixed an issue where mobile app and browser extension sessions were not reset after disabling "Enable mobile apps" and "Enable browser extensions" in role settings
Fixed an issue where Activity log filtered by a particular vault showed events from folders inside the vault: now, only events at the selected nesting level are displayed
Fixed an issue where a search by color tag did not work for some passwords
Fixed an issue where user data could be updated on LDAP login despite disabled "Allow user modification during LDAP synchronization" setting
Fixed an issue in the export window where unchecking all folders inside a vault also unchecked the vault itself
Fixed incorrect behavior of the "Automatically log out after inactivity" setting
Fixed incorrect display of notes
Fixed incorrect redirect to the password's or shortcut's initial directory after editing these items in Favorites
Fixed an issue where the item deletion date in the Bin was reset during migration from Passwork 6

You can find all information about Passwork updates in our technical documentation.

Ready to take the first step? Try Passwork with a free demo and explore practical ways to protect your business.

Passwork 7.1 release

Webinar

Aug 29, 2025 — 4 min read

Incident response planning — preparedness vs. reality

Introduction
Preparation and real-world testing
Coordination across teams and vendors
Tools and technologies for an effective response
Compliance and continuous improvement
Conclusion

Introduction

As cyber threats continue to evolve, organizations face increasing pressure to respond quickly and effectively to security incidents. But how well do incident response plans hold up when theory meets reality? This was the central theme of the Passwork cybersecurity webinar in August 2025, featuring insights from Prince Ugo Nwume, cybersecurity consultant at Accenture, and CircleMac, host of the Passwork webinar series.

Preparation and real-world testing

Incident response plans must be living documents, not static checklists. While tabletop exercises help teams understand their roles, only real-world simulations expose true gaps in preparedness. Annual testing is the bare minimum, in regulated industries, quarterly or biannual reviews are often required.

"Tabletop exercises are great, but you need more — actual crisis simulations and drills show what works and what doesn't" — Prince Ugo Nwume

Drills and red team challenges frequently reveal overlooked weaknesses. The cybersecurity consultant recalled a load balancer left at a disaster recovery site that unexpectedly became an entry point for attackers. Continuous improvement requires immediate after-action reviews, regular updates to playbooks, and staff training that directly addresses real-world gaps.

Coordination across teams and vendors

Clear communication and decision-making authority are critical. Effective incident response depends on cross-functional cooperation among IT, legal, HR, communications, and business units. A dedicated incident coordinator helps ensure priorities are aligned and decisions are made without delay.

"When an incident happens, every team has its priorities. You need defined lines of communication and authority — otherwise, you risk making the situation worse." — Prince Ugo Nwume

Third-party vendors, including cloud providers, add another layer of risk. Contracts should specify SLAs, audit rights, and clear escalation procedures for incident response.

"Third-party risk is always a challenge — you need to safeguard your business by demanding strong security practices from vendors" — Prince Ugo Nwume

Tools and technologies for an effective response

Technology is at the core of rapid incident response. Password managers help organizations accelerate credential resets, simplify access reviews, and contain breaches more effectively. Best practices include enterprise-wide adoption, regular audits, and immediate credential changes during an incident.

"Password managers make it easier to change credentials, monitor access, and prevent attackers from persisting in your environment" — Prince Ugo Nwume

Cloud-native environments introduce both simplicity and complexity. Shared responsibility requires clear definitions of what belongs to the organization versus the provider. Rapid communication channels and frequent contract reviews are essential for compliance and responsiveness.

Measure success by checking KPIs and benchmarks:

Mean time to detect
Mean time to resolve
False positive rates

Tracking these metrics over time enables organizations to refine their incident response programs and adapt to emerging threats.

Compliance and continuous improvement

Global organizations must align with evolving legal and regulatory requirements through annual reviews, gap assessments, and GRC oversight.

"Compliance is a moving target. You need standardized frameworks and regular gap assessments to keep up." — Prince Ugo Nwume

But technical controls alone are not enough. Responding to major incidents places enormous pressure on people. Prince stressed the importance of caring for teams.

"You need to support your team — reward their effort and build a culture where people want to step up when it matters" — Prince Ugo Nwume

Shift rotations, recognition, and a culture of resilience help ensure teams stay motivated and capable during prolonged crises.

Conclusion

Incident response planning requires ongoing preparation, cross-team collaboration, and continuous improvement. As the cybersecurity consultant highlighted, real adaptability comes from robust controls, practical training, and a culture of vigilance. Tools like Passwork and standardized procedures are essential, but success depends on adaptability and teamwork. Incident response plans must be living documents, not static checklists.

Preparation and practice are key
Cross-functional coordination and clear authority are essential
Password managers are a cornerstone of rapid response
Global compliance requires standardized frameworks
Team resilience and well-being matter

Ready to take the first step? Try Passwork with a free demo and explore practical ways to protect your business.

Incident response planning: Preparedness vs. reality

Cybersecurity

Aug 22, 2025 — 7 min read

GDPR password security: Guide to effective staff training

Introduction
Why training matters in GDPR password security
GDPR password security training: Best practices
Common mistakes employees make with passwords
Business risks of poor GDPR password security
Conclusion
FAQ: Frequently asked questions about GDPR password security training

Introduction

GDPR password security is an essential component of modern data protection strategies and a key aspect of GDPR compliance. Under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), organizations are legally required to implement special technical and organizational measures to safeguard personal data. Passwords remain the most common authentication mechanism, and they also represent one of the weakest links in information security when poorly managed.

According to Verizon Data Breach Investigations Report 2024, human error, including credential misuse, remains a significant factor in data breaches, accounting for a substantial percentage of incidents. This highlights the critical need for effective employee training in GDPR password security. Strong technical tools are vital, but security gaps quickly appear if employees aren’t properly trained. This article examines best practices for employee training, identifies common mistakes, and demonstrates how business can mitigate risks through practical policies and modern tools.

GDPR requires organizations to demonstrate accountability. That means it is not enough to set policies. Businesses must prove that employees understand and apply them. Password misuse remains one of the most frequent root causes of data breaches, often associated with weak or reused credentials.

From a regulatory perspective, insufficient password controls can be interpreted as a failure to apply "appropriate technical and organizational measures" under Article 32 of GDPR. This translates into direct financial and reputational risks, making cybersecurity training a critical investment.

Training employees is the bridge between abstract policy and daily practice. By equipping staff with knowledge and tools, companies not only reduce the risk of data breaches and cyberattacks but also create an auditable record of compliance.

Effective GDPR password security training is not a one-time event but a continuous process. Employees must see security as part of their daily responsibilities rather than an annual compliance requirement. These are practical recommendations for employee training:

Ongoing, concise learning
Short, frequent sessions are far more effective than long, one-off seminars. Use onboarding modules, quarterly refreshers, and targeted updates after incidents. For example, new hires can generate their first password directly in a password manager, immediately experiencing how the system enforces company-wide security policies.

Learn by doing with simulations
Real-world simulations make lessons stick. A phishing exercise or a mock "compromised shared password" scenario shows how a single mistake can endanger the organization. In the Passwork password manager, such training can be replicated when the system flags outdated or reused passwords, prompting employees to walk through the secure update workflow with full audit logging.

Modern and practical password policies
Overly complex rules often push staff into shortcuts. Instead, focus on length, uniqueness, and blocking reuse. Passwork automates this by generating strong, unique passwords and preventing weak combinations, eliminating the burden of memorization and reducing risky workarounds.

Seamless integration with daily workflows
Employees are more likely to follow secure practices when security tools are built into their routine. Passwork integrates with LDAP and SSO, allowing staff to log in with their standard corporate accounts while administrators gain centralized oversight of accounts and groups.

Role-based training and access control
Different departments face different risks: general staff deal with operational routine issues, finance teams — with fraud attempts, and IT teams manage critical systems. Passwork role-based access control (RBAC) allows employees to see firsthand that they have access only to the credentials required for their role, no more.

A no-blame reporting culture
Security only works when staff feel safe reporting mistakes. Passwork provides audit trails and real-time alerts for critical events, enabling quick remediation and turning incidents into learning opportunities instead of sources of punishment.

The most successful programs blend practical exercises, clear communication, and tools that reinforce correct behavior at the point of use. With platforms like Passwork, secure practices become effortless, turning password management from a weak point into a core strength for compliance and resilience.

Common mistakes employees make with passwords

Despite awareness campaigns, many companies continue to face recurring issues in password behavior. These mistakes point out a gap between policy and practice, where employees either misunderstand requirements or prioritize convenience over security. Recognizing these pitfalls is the first step in addressing them through training and enforcement. Even in organizations with formal password policies, employees often fall into predictable traps:

Reusing passwords across multiple systems
Choosing weak or guessable patterns such as names, dates, or simple sequences
Storing credentials insecurely on notes, spreadsheets, or messengers
Failing to update compromised passwords after breaches
Bypassing complex policies with shortcuts (e.g., adding "1!" each time)
Neglecting multi-factor authentication (MFA) setup, even when available, is a common oversight that significantly weakens access control

Passwork helps businesses eliminate these problems systematically. Zero Knowledge architecture and AES-256 encryption ensure data protection by design. LDAP and SSO integration simplify authentication, and RBAC provides granular access control so that employees only see what they are authorized to use. Multi-factor authentication (MFA) further reduces risks if a password is compromised. Built-in audit trails and real-time monitoring enable security leaders to swiftly identify and address issues such as password reuse and weak credential creation. Employees naturally adopt secure practices, closing the gap between policy and daily behavior.

Companies that fail to secure passwords face multiple risks:

Regulatory fines of up to €20 million or 4% of global turnover or non-compliance with GDPR requirements
Operational disruptions if accounts are locked or compromised
Financial loss from investigations, lawsuits, and compensation
Reputational damage and customer churn
Supply chain risks occur when compromised passwords affect partners

Password training is universally important, but some industries face higher stakes:

Healthcare. Medical records are highly sensitive and overlap with HIPAA.
Finance. Passwords protect transactions and client trust.
Legal and consulting. Compromised credentials can expose client data.
Public sector and education. High user volumes and limited budgets make password training a critical necessity.
Technology and SaaS. Shared developer credentials and API keys require strict governance and oversight.

These risks represent everyday realities across industries. The vast majority of attacks exploiting weak passwords are opportunistic rather than targeted, meaning any business that relies on outdated password practices is automatically at risk. Poor password security is no longer just an IT issue. It is a strategic business risk with legal, financial, and reputational consequences.

By adopting strong training programs and enterprise-level solutions like Passwork, organizations can transform passwords from a liability into a managed part of their security posture.

Conclusion

GDPR password security is both a compliance requirement and a business safeguard. Employee training transforms password policies from abstract rules into daily habits that protect data, reduce risk, and demonstrate accountability.

Security leaders should combine concise training sessions, simulations, practical password policies, and strong technical tools. By embedding Passwork into this ecosystem, organizations both educate staff and provide them with resources to comply effortlessly. Training is about building a security culture where GDPR password security becomes second nature, protecting the business and its customers.

Q: What does GDPR say about passwords?
A: GDPR does not prescribe exact password rules (e.g., "must be 12 characters long"). Instead, Article 32 requires organizations to implement "appropriate technical and organizational measures" to ensure data security. This is a risk-based approach. For passwords, this means your policies (length, complexity, MFA) must be strong enough to protect the specific personal data you process. A failure to enforce strong password hygiene can be interpreted as a direct violation of this requirement, leading to significant fines.

Q: How can we make security training engaging so employees actually pay attention?
A: The key is to move beyond passive lectures. Effective training is interactive and context-driven. Use gamification (e.g., leaderboards for completing security quizzes), real-world phishing simulations, and role-playing scenarios where teams must respond to a mock data breach. Tying training directly to the tools they use daily, like a password manager, makes the lessons practical. For example, instead of just talking about strong passwords, have them generate one in the company's password manager during the training itself.

Q: What are the essential components of effective GDPR training?
A: Effective programs combine GDPR fundamentals with practical application. This includes secure password creation, using password managers, multi-factor authentication, breach response procedures, and role-specific scenarios to keep the content relevant.

Q: How does password training support GDPR compliance?
A: Documented training initiatives serve as proof of "appropriate technical and organizational measures" under Article 32. Good record-keeping shows regulators that employees have been properly trained and helps organizations track progress and demonstrate accountability during audits.

Q: What metrics prove training is effective?
A: Organizations should monitor the following metrics: reduced password-related incidents, stronger password strength scores, increased adoption of password management tools, and a decline in password reset requests. These metrics provide tangible evidence that training translates into improved security.

Ready to take the first step? Try Passwork with a free demo and explore practical ways to protect your business.

GDPR password security: Guide to effective staff training

Webinar

Aug 21, 2025 — 5 min read

Cloud security: Shared responsibility or shared confusion?

Introduction
The shared responsibility model: Theory vs practice
Where ambiguity leads to risk
Contracts, fine print, and operational realities
Lessons learned: Avoiding misconfiguration
Conclusion

Introduction

Cloud security remains one of the most debated topics in modern IT. As organizations continue their migration to cloud platforms, the question of "Who is responsible for what?" grows increasingly complex. In our latest Passwork webinar, cybersecurity lecturer David Gordon joined host Turpal to unpack the realities behind the shared responsibility model and why clear boundaries are still elusive for many teams.

"The shared responsibility model is a fundamental concept in cloud security that delineates where the cloud provider’s responsibilities begin and end, and where the client’s responsibilities begin and end" — David Gordon

The session explored practical examples, common pitfalls, and actionable strategies for CISOs and IT leaders navigating the blurred lines between cloud provider and client responsibilities.

The shared responsibility model: Theory vs practice

At its core, the shared responsibility model defines the security obligations of both the cloud provider (e.g., AWS, Azure) and the client. The provider is responsible for securing the infrastructure and network, while the client manages data, applications, and configuration within the cloud environment.

However, these boundaries shift depending on the service model:

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS). Clients carry most of the security burden, from OS patches to identity management.
Platform as a service (PaaS). Responsibility is more balanced, with providers handling the platform and clients managing data and application logic.
Software as a service (SaaS). Providers handle most security aspects, but clients must still manage user access and data governance.

While the model is theoretically clear, David highlighted that practical applications can sometimes be a little complex due to the dynamic nature of cloud services.

Where ambiguity leads to risk

Ambiguity in the shared responsibility model has been the root cause of several high-profile breaches. One of the most cited examples is the misconfiguration of AWS S3 buckets. Despite AWS securing the underlying infrastructure, clients failed to set proper permissions, resulting in sensitive data exposure.

"Some overly permissive permissions were granted to these S3 buckets, and that led to sensitive data being exposed to the public. That type of scenario is unfortunately not uncommon." — David Gordon

Other common missteps include:

Misconfigured identity and access management (IAM) rules
Failure to implement multi-factor authentication (MFA) on critical accounts
Assuming implicit security without verifying configurations

The lesson: never assume security is "built-in" by default. Clients must proactively manage their configurations and understand the nuances of each cloud service model.

Contracts, fine print, and operational realities

Cloud provider contracts aim to define shared security responsibilities, but operational realities often diverge from contractual language. CISOs and IT leaders must scrutinize the fine print, looking for:

Clear delineation of responsibilities. Understand exactly what the provider covers and what is left to the client.
Incident response procedures. Who is responsible for breach notification, investigation, and remediation?
Audit rights and transparency. Can you validate the provider’s controls and monitor their compliance?
Service-level agreements (SLAs). Are uptime, recovery, and security guarantees realistic and enforceable?

David cautioned that the detailed operational implications are sometimes not as clear as the contract language suggests, underscoring the need for ongoing review and negotiation.

Lessons learned: Avoiding misconfiguration

A recurring theme in the discussion was that most cloud-related incidents are not caused by flaws in the provider’s infrastructure, but rather by preventable mistakes made by clients. The biggest culprits are misconfigured permissions, lack of monitoring, and weak identity practices. These errors underscore the importance of treating configuration management as an ongoing discipline rather than a one-time setup. Training teams, conducting regular checks, and utilizing automated tools can significantly mitigate these risks.

"Just never assume implicit security. Yes, the cloud provider is responsible for the infrastructure, but you, the client, are 100% responsible for how you configure permissions on the cloud." — David Gordon

The webinar highlighted real-world strategies for minimizing risk and confusion:

Continuous education. Train teams to understand their responsibilities and the specifics of each cloud service model.
Regular audits. Periodically review configurations, permissions, and access controls.
Automated monitoring. Leverage tools to detect misconfigurations and anomalous activity in real time.
Collaborative planning. Foster open communication among security, IT, and business units to ensure a shared understanding.

Conclusion

Cloud security is not a static checklist — it is an ongoing partnership between provider and client. As David Gordon emphasized, "never assume implicit security." Success requires vigilance, clear communication, and a willingness to adapt as cloud services evolve.

The shared responsibility model is clear in theory, but ambiguous in practice
Misconfiguration, especially of storage and access controls, remains a leading cause of cloud breaches
Contracts should be reviewed for operational clarity, not just legal protection
Ongoing education, monitoring, and cross-team collaboration are essential for effective cloud security

At Passwork, we help organizations navigate the complexities of cloud security with tools that empower proactive management, robust access controls, and real-time monitoring. By understanding your responsibilities and building resilient processes, you can turn shared confusion into shared success.

Interested in more practical insights on cloud security? Stay tuned for our next webinar, explore our resources on password management, compliance, and insider threat prevention.

Cloud security: Shared responsibility or shared confusion?

Webinar

Aug 21, 2025 — 5 min read

Cyber insurance: A false sense of security?

Introduction
Cyber insurance: What does it cover?
The day-to-day reality of cybersecurity
Navigating Global Compliance
The rewards and challenges of cybersecurity
Conclusion

Introduction

As cyber threats and data breaches become more frequent and sophisticated, many organizations are looking to cyber insurance as a way to manage risk. But is cyber insurance a true safety net — or is it just a false sense of security? This question was at the core of the Password Cybersecurity Webinar, featuring insights from Yemi Eniade, a cybersecurity architect with a global perspective and decades of hands-on experience.

Cyber insurance: What does it cover?

Yemi Eniade highlighted a critical issue: many organizations misunderstand what cyber insurance provides. While insurance can help mitigate financial losses after an incident, it is not a replacement for strong cybersecurity fundamentals.

"Insurance is not a substitute for robust security controls. It’s a tool, but some organizations see it as the solution instead of part of a bigger strategy. Many organizations misunderstand what is covered. You have to read the policy carefully — don’t assume you’re protected from everything just because you have a certificate on the wall." — Yemi Eniade

Many policies are filled with exclusions and limitations. For example, if an incident is caused by poor configuration or a lack of basic controls, coverage may be denied. Regulatory fines and business interruptions are also often misunderstood.

Key points discussed:

Insurance doesn’t cover everything. There are many exclusions, especially around preventable incidents.
Policy terms matter. Organizations need to carefully read and understand their coverage.
Security maturity is required. Insurers increasingly demand proof of strong controls before issuing or renewing policies.

The day-to-day reality of cybersecurity

Drawing on his journey from the Royal Navy to cybersecurity consultancy, Yemi described the ever-changing nature of the field:

"No two days are the same. Yesterday, you might have been managing vulnerabilities, today, it’s about system design. You always have to be on your toes — just like in the military." — Yemi Eniade

He credits his military background with giving him the discipline and decision-making skills needed to thrive in a high-pressure cybersecurity environment.

What Yemi values most:

The challenge of solving new problems every day
The satisfaction of turning threats into opportunities
The necessity of lifelong learning

Navigating Global Compliance

Yemi’s work spans multiple continents, meaning he must constantly adapt to different regulatory environments:

Europe: GDPR, ISO 27001
USA: Sector-specific laws (e.g., FDA)
China: Strict data privacy and localization laws

"My project is global. The product is global. We have to deal with different laws and standards — GDPR in Europe, FDA in America, and privacy laws in China. The only way to manage is through strict company policy and a strong quality management system." — Yemi Eniade

The cybersecurity architect emphasized that a robust Quality Management System (QMS) and adherence to international standards are essential for maintaining compliance and security across regions.

The rewards and challenges of cybersecurity

The intellectual thrill of solving complex problems is balanced by the constant pressure of staying ahead of attackers. For every breakthrough moment, such as stopping a phishing campaign or closing a critical vulnerability, there is stress from long hours, shifting priorities, and the knowledge that an overlooked detail could have massive consequences. Therefore, cybersecurity leaders must find motivation in the process itself, such as building resilient systems and guiding teams through uncertainty. They must also recognize that their work directly safeguards people, businesses, and, in some cases, even national security.

"Sometimes, it’s overwhelming. You have meetings late at night or early in the morning. But you have to be happy to do what you’re doing — that’s what keeps me going." — Yemi Eniade

Rewards:

Intellectual stimulation from constant change
Working with diverse, international teams
Making a real impact by protecting organizations and individuals

Challenges:

Maintaining work-life balance, especially with teams in multiple time zones
The emotional and mental toll of being "always on"
Keeping up with new threats and evolving regulations

Conclusion

Cyber insurance can be a valuable part of an organization's risk management strategy, but it is not a guarantee against cyber threats. As Yemi Eniade emphasized, true security comes from robust controls, continuous learning, and a culture of vigilance. Insurance is just one piece of the puzzle — real resilience requires preparation, adaptability, and a commitment to best practices.

Cyber insurance is not a cure-all: It should complement, not replace, a comprehensive security program.
Know your policy: Understand exactly what is covered, and what is not.
Global compliance is complex: Standardized frameworks and policies are crucial for navigating international regulations.
Stay adaptable: Cybersecurity is always evolving — success depends on staying alert, informed, and proactive.

Interested in more practical insights on cloud security? Stay tuned for our next webinar, explore our resources on password management, compliance, and insider threat prevention.

Cyber insurance: A false sense of security?

Cybersecurity

Aug 14, 2025 — 9 min read

HIPAA requirements for password management

Introduction
How HIPAA works
Cybersecurity and clinical efficiency
HIPAA and password management
How to train staff to meet HIPAA standards
How Passwork supports HIPAA compliance
Sustainable HIPAA compliance

Introduction

In the complex ecosystem of modern healthcare, patient data is essential for secure management. In 2024, the U.S. healthcare sector experienced over 700 large-scale data breaches, marking the third consecutive year with such a high volume of incidents. This surge compromised over 275 million patient records, a significant 63.5% increase from 2023.

"Healthcare data are more sensitive than other types of data because any data tampering can lead to faulty treatment, with fatal and irreversible losses to patients" — Healthcare Data Breaches, MDPI

The consequences go far beyond financial penalties and reputational damage. Breaches of electronic Protected Health Information (ePHI) can disrupt patient care, compromise safety, and erode public trust. As the American Hospital Association highlights, since 2020, healthcare breaches have affected over 590 million patient records — more than the entire U.S. population, with a significant number of individuals being affected multiple times.

Healthcare operates in a 24/7 environment where delays in authentication can impact patient care. Systems must provide strong protection without disrupting urgent clinical workflows. Password management is no longer just an IT function. It is now a mission-critical process directly tied to patient safety and regulatory compliance under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA).

How HIPAA works

HIPAA is a U.S. federal law that establishes strict requirements for safeguarding sensitive patient health information from unauthorized disclosure. In addition to privacy protection acts, the HIPAA Security Rule specifically addresses the protection of ePHI, any personally identifiable health information created, stored, transmitted, or received electronically.

HIPAA applies to:

Covered entities: hospitals, clinics, physicians, insurers, and healthcare clearinghouses
Business associates: service providers (IT, billing, cloud hosting, consultants) that handle ePHI on behalf of covered entities

HIPAA is structured around several interconnected rules, each serving a distinct purpose in protecting patient data:

The Privacy Rule sets standards for how PHI can be used and disclosed
Security Rule defines administrative, physical, and technical safeguards to protect ePHI
Breach Notification Rule requires covered entities and business associates to notify affected individuals, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), and sometimes the media, in the event of a breach
The Enforcement Rule outlines penalties for violations

Organizations must document their policies, conduct periodic risk assessments, and ensure that staff are properly trained. Non-compliance can lead to сivil fines up to millions of dollars, criminal penalties, including imprisonment, in cases of willful neglect or malicious misuse, and permanent listing on the public "Wall of Shame" for reported breaches. HIPAA compliance isn’t just about avoiding penalties — it’s about protecting patient safety and trust. A breach of PHI can result in identity theft, financial fraud, and critical interruptions to patient care, underscoring the vital importance of robust healthcare data security.

Cybersecurity and clinical efficiency

The 2024 NIST Digital Identity Guidelines (SP 800-63B) represent a significant evolution in cybersecurity best practices. These guidelines advocate for a shift away from overly complex passwords towards longer, more memorable passphrases, widespread adoption of multi-factor authentication (MFA), and enhanced breach detection capabilities. While these changes undeniably enhance healthcare cybersecurity, they also necessitate that healthcare providers reassess their existing tools and policies to align with modern security paradigms, like Zero trust architecture.

The NIST Digital Identity Guidelines provide a comprehensive framework that complements HIPAA requirements, offering detailed guidance on implementing robust identity and access management. For healthcare organizations, this means:

Identity proofing. Ensuring that individuals are the ones who they claim to be during the account creation process, reducing the risk of fraudulent access.
Authenticator Assurance Levels (AALs). NIST defines different levels of assurance for authenticators, from single-factor passwords to strong multi-factor methods. Healthcare organizations should strive for higher AALs for access to sensitive ePHI.
Federated identity management. Leveraging standards like Single Sign-On (SSO) and LDAP Integration to streamline user access across disparate systems while maintaining strong security controls. This reduces password fatigue and improves overall security posture.
Lifecycle management. Implementing robust processes for managing identities from creation to deactivation, including timely revocation of access rights for departing personnel. This is crucial for maintaining data integrity and preventing unauthorized access.

By integrating NIST recommendations, healthcare organizations can build a more resilient and adaptable cybersecurity posture in healthcare, moving beyond minimum compliance to proactive risk mitigation. This proactive approach is vital in combating evolving threats such as ransomware attacks and sophisticated phishing campaigns.

HIPAA and password management

The HIPAA Security Rule takes a structured approach to password management, breaking it into administrative and technical safeguards. Together, these safeguards form a framework that organizations must adapt to their operational realities, while still meeting regulatory expectations. All of that is done to keep their patient data secure.

Administrative safeguards focus on policy, governance, and people. They require:

Documented password policies that define how passwords are created, changed, stored, and removed. These policies must be clear, enforceable, and aligned with risk assessments
User training programs that educate staff on password hygiene, how to avoid common pitfalls such as reusing or sharing passwords, and how to recognize social engineering attempts. Training must be ongoing, not a one-time event
Risk-based access controls that ensure staff have only the level of access they need to perform their duties, following the HIPAA minimum necessary principle
Retention of documentation — all policies, risk assessments, and decisions must be recorded and kept for at least six years, enabling compliance audits and investigations

Technical safeguards address the systems and tools used to enforce secure authentication and access management. They include:

Authentication mechanisms to verify that the person accessing ePHI is the one who they claim to be — for example, username and password combinations backed up by multi-factor authentication
Logging and audit trails that record every authentication event and track changes to sensitive data, enabling investigation procedures of anomalies or breaches
Interoperability, ensuring that authentication and password controls work consistently across all environments — from electronic health record (EHR) systems to medical devices and cloud services

HIPAA further differentiates between required and addressable specifications. Required safeguards are non-negotiable — failure to implement them constitutes non-compliance. Addressable safeguards give organizations some flexibility: they can either adopt the recommended control or implement an alternative that achieves the same level of protection. In either case, the decision must be well-documented, justified, and periodically reviewed to ensure it remains appropriate and effective.

A well-designed password management program under HIPAA doesn’t stop at compliance — it also considers usability, scalability, and the unique pressures of healthcare workflows. Implemented correctly, it can reduce risks without creating operational friction, making secure access part of the daily routine rather than a barrier to patient care.

How to train staff to meet HIPAA standards

Human error remains a primary driver of healthcare data breaches. Therefore, effective staff training is not just a regulatory checkbox but an essential component of HIPAA compliance and overall ePHI protection. While regular, role-specific security awareness training for clinicians, administrators, and IT staff is fundamental, a truly effective program extends far beyond basic awareness. The goal is to transform passive compliance into active participation, empowering employees to be the first line of defense against breaches. Compliance is as much about operational discipline as it is about technology. Healthcare organizations should:

Implement Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) to enforce least-privilege policies.
Utilize LDAP Integration and Single Sign-On for centralized onboarding and offboarding processes, enhancing access rights management.
Separate vaults and permissions by department, specialty, or function to ensure granular control
Maintain comprehensive audit trails for all credential activities, crucial for accountability and forensic analysis

Organizations should consider incorporating advanced training modules on emerging cybersecurity threats, such as ransomware and advanced persistent threats (APTs), specifically tailored to the healthcare context. This includes practical exercises in incident response, data recovery, and business continuity planning. Furthermore, training should focus on the human element of security and foster a culture of vigilance, making sure that every employee understands their role in protecting sensitive patient data. This can involve gamified learning, interactive workshops, and regular communication channels for security updates and best practices.

How Passwork supports HIPAA compliance

Selecting a password manager for healthcare organizations means not only meeting the highest standards of healthcare data security and regulatory compliance, but also ensuring that the solution fits seamlessly into the daily workflow of medical staff. Complex tools are often rejected in practice, forcing employees to revert to insecure workarounds. Passwork architecture is designed to meet HIPAA-specific compliance challenges while remaining intuitive enough for fast and easy adoption.

Certifications and security practices. Passwork is ISO 27001 certified, demonstrating adherence to internationally recognized information security standards. Regular penetration testing via HackerOne ensures the platform remains resilient against emerging threats.
On-premise deployment. Passwork supports self-hosted deployment, allowing healthcare organizations to run the system entirely within their infrastructure. This approach keeps credentials under direct organizational control, meets HIPAA data protection requirements, and minimizes exposure to third-party risks.
Data protection by design. With a zero-knowledge architecture and AES-256 end-to-end encryption, Passwork ensures that no one — not even the service provider — can access stored credentials. This aligns directly with HIPAA privacy, security, and technical safeguard provisions.
Access management. Integration with LDAP and SSO centralizes authentication and user management, making it easier to enforce consistent security policies across large and distributed healthcare environments.
Granular access control. Passwork RBAC enables administrators to assign precise permissions to each user or group. Only authorized staff can access specific vaults or entries, supporting the HIPAA minimum necessary standard.
Audit trail and real-time monitoring. HIPAA requires detailed audit controls. Passwork logs all actions, including password creation, modification, sharing, and deletion. Real-time alerts for critical events enable quick detection and response to potential security incidents.
Multi-factor authentication (MFA). Adding an extra layer of protection, MFA helps safeguard accounts even if a password is compromised.
Easy onboarding and usability. The clean and intuitive interface allows healthcare staff to start using the system immediately without requiring extensive training or disrupting patient care workflows. Passwork received the "Ease of Use" award from Capterra, which confirms that the solution is user-friendly and does not require extensive training.

By combining advanced security measures, regulatory alignment, and user-friendly design, Passwork enables healthcare organizations to protect ePHI effectively while maintaining HIPAA compliance in a practical, sustainable manner.

Sustainable HIPAA compliance

Achieving compliance is only the first step. Maintaining compliance requires ongoing attention. Healthcare organizations should:

Conduct regular risk assessments and update policies accordingly
Review audit logs for anomalies
Refresh training content annually
Continuously evaluate tools and workflows against evolving threats and regulatory updates

HIPAA compliance is not just a legal obligation — it is central to fostering patient trust and ensuring patient safety. Secure, efficient password management plays a critical role in protecting ePHI and enabling high-quality care. By combining strong encryption, granular access controls, integration with enterprise systems, and ease of use, Passwork helps healthcare organizations meet and sustain HIPAA compliance. In doing so, it safeguards sensitive data, reduces breach risks, and supports the life-critical mission of healthcare.

Ready to take the first step? Try Passwork with a free demo and explore practical ways to protect your business.

HIPAA requirements for password management

Passwork

Jul 22, 2025 — 1 min read

Passwork has successfully completed the penetration testing, carried out by HackerOne — the world’s largest platform for coordinating bug bounty programs and security assessments. This independent evaluation confirmed Passwork’s highest level of data protection and strong resilience against modern cyber threats.

What the pentest covered

Security architecture and data protection
Experts examined the overall design of Passwork’s infrastructure, focusing on how sensitive data is stored, transmitted, and protected.

Protection against major web vulnerabilities
The assessment included a comprehensive check for vulnerabilities listed in the OWASP Top 10 and SANS Top 25, ensuring that Passwork is safeguarded against the most widespread and dangerous web application threats.

User authentication and authorization mechanisms
The test verified the robustness of login processes, session management, and access control systems to prevent unauthorized access.

API security and access control
Security specialists thoroughly tested Passwork’s API endpoints, checking for proper validation, authorization, and protection against unauthorized or malicious requests.

Incident detection and response
The evaluation reviewed Passwork’s ability to detect, respond to, and recover from security incidents, ensuring rapid mitigation of potential threats.

Resilience against targeted attacks
Simulated attacks tested Passwork’s defenses against advanced persistent threats.

Why this matters

For IT leaders, developers, and security professionals, independent penetration testing provides objective assurance that a product’s security measures are not just theoretical but effective against real-world attack vectors. The collaboration with HackerOne means that Passwork’s security was tested by some of the world’s leading ethical hackers, using up-to-date tactics and tools.

Continuous improvement

Passwork’s recent ISO 27001 certification, combined with the positive results of this penetration test, demonstrates a systematic approach to information security management. Passwork undergoes regular assessments, code reviews, and updates to ensure ongoing compliance with best practices and emerging standards.

Our security team monitors the threat landscape and adapts defenses proactively, so your data remains protected as new risks evolve. We are constantly developing and improving Passwork, keeping its security aligned with the industry-leading standards at every stage.

Ready to take the first step? Start your free trial of Passwork today and explore practical ways to protect your business.

Passwork 7: Security verified by HackerOne

Cybersecurity Privacy Webinar

Jul 16, 2025 — 5 min read

Insider threats: Prevention vs. privacy — webinar recap

Introduction
What are insider threats?
Ethical dilemmas: Surveillance vs. privacy
Insiders vs. outsiders: Who poses a bigger risk?
Separating signals from noise
Predictive vs. reactive threat detection
Balancing trust and security
Key takeaways
Conclusion

Introduction

Insider threats account for a significant portion of cybersecurity incidents, yet they remain one of the least understood and most challenging risks to mitigate. Whether caused by malicious intent or negligence, insider threats can have devastating consequences, especially when sensitive data is involved.

During the webinar, Senior Executive in Infrastructure and Security Georgi Petrov shared his insights on how Malta Gaming Authority (MGA) manages insider threats while safeguarding trust within the organization. From Edward Snowden’s infamous whistleblowing to phishing attacks that exploit inattentiveness, the discussion emphasized the importance of proactive strategies that address both technical and human vulnerabilities.

At the end of the day, everybody is susceptible to data leaks. Every organization will face insider threats eventually — it’s not a matter of if, but when.
— Georgi Petrov

What are insider threats?

Insider threats refer to the risks posed by individuals within an organization, such as employees, contractors, or partners, who misuse their access to sensitive data or systems. These threats can be categorized into two types:

Malicious insiders: Individuals who intentionally harm the organization, such as stealing data or sabotaging systems.
Negligent insiders: Individuals who unintentionally compromise security, often due to ignorance or carelessness.

Georgi emphasized that insider threats often arise from poor system design, inadequate controls, or malicious intent. Addressing these vulnerabilities requires a combination of robust security frameworks and education.

You need to ensure that your insider threat program collects the right type of data — not everything. Focus on metadata, not sensitive content, and always ask: Why am I collecting this information? How does it help safeguard the organization?
— Georgi Petrov

Ethical dilemmas: Surveillance vs. privacy

One of the most debated topics during the webinar was whether insider threat monitoring programs merely serve as a facade for surveillance. Georgi argued that monitoring is not inherently invasive if implemented responsibly. The key is to collect only what is necessary — metadata rather than sensitive content — and to be transparent with employees.

For example: Instead of logging every keystroke or web browsing activity, organizations should focus on detecting risk-based behaviors, such as attempts to access unauthorized data or upload files to cloud storage.

Transparency and clear communication are vital. Employees need to understand that monitoring is designed to protect the organization, not to spy on them. This approach fosters trust while maintaining security.

We are not the big brother. We’re here to protect the organization’s cybersecurity posture, not to track employee activities unnecessarily.
— Georgi Petrov

Insiders vs. outsiders: Who poses a bigger risk?

When asked who poses a greater risk — trusted insiders or outsiders with limited access — Georgi provided a nuanced perspective:

Outsiders: Unpredictable and capable of exploiting vulnerabilities to escalate privileges, which makes them harder to control.
Insiders: More predictable and manageable through safeguards like role-based access controls and monitoring.

An outsider with minimal credentials can often pose a bigger risk because they’re unpredictable. They might escalate privileges or exploit vulnerabilities, which can be devastating for an organization.
— Georgi Petrov

Separating signals from noise

Monitoring tools generate vast amounts of data, making it challenging to distinguish genuine threats from irrelevant noise. Georgi stressed the importance of context in threat detection:

Noise: Routine activities, such as a finance employee downloading spreadsheets during end-of-quarter reporting.
Signal: Abnormal behaviors, such as an offboarding employee attempting to access and upload sensitive files to cloud storage.

The moment it becomes a signal is when you see abnormal activity — like accessing sensitive folders unrelated to their department or trying to exfiltrate data. That’s when you flip the switch and investigate.
— Georgi Petrov

Predictive vs. reactive threat detection

Should insider threat programs shift from reactive detection to predictive prevention? Georgi strongly advocated for predictive approaches that leverage AI and machine learning to identify subtle patterns that human analysts might miss.

For example: In a reactive system, an employee gradually exfiltrating files over weeks could evade detection. However, predictive tools can identify abnormal patterns and flag potential threats early.

Predictive prevention minimizes the damage caused by insider threats by allowing organizations to act before incidents escalate.

Balancing trust and security

Continuous monitoring can create a culture of mistrust among employees. To strike a balance, Georgi recommended the following:

Transparency: Clearly communicate what is being monitored and why.
Risk-based monitoring: Focus on behaviors that indicate potential threats rather than conducting blanket surveillance.
Education: Regularly train employees on cybersecurity best practices to reduce negligence-based risks.

The main point: Trust and security are not mutually exclusive. By fostering a culture of transparency and education, organizations can build trust while maintaining robust defenses.

Trust, but verify. Build a culture of trust, educate your employees, and configure your monitoring tools to focus on risk-based behaviors — not constant surveillance.
— Georgi Petrov

Key takeaways

Collect meaningful data: Avoid over-monitoring and focus on metadata and risk-based behaviors.
Adopt predictive tools: Use AI to identify patterns and prevent threats before they occur.
Foster trust: Transparency and education are essential for balancing security with employee confidence.
Prepare for the inevitable: Insider threats are not a matter of "if" but "when". A multilayered approach ensures resilience.

Conclusion

Insider threats present a complex challenge for organizations, requiring them to navigate the fine line between prevention and privacy. As Georgi Petrov highlighted during the webinar, the key lies in building a culture of trust, implementing risk-based monitoring, and adopting predictive tools to stay ahead of threats.

At Passwork, we empower organizations with tools that enhance security without compromising trust. From managing passwords securely to fostering a culture of cybersecurity awareness, our solutions are designed to help you protect what matters most.

Ready to take your insider threat prevention to the next level? Explore Passwork today and see how we can help you safeguard your organization while maintaining employee trust.

Insider threats: Prevention vs. privacy

Password security Cybersecurity Passwork

Jul 14, 2025 — 15 min read

Private password breach checking: A new algorithm for secure password validation

Introduction
Existing solutions and their tradeoffs
Our innovation: Obfuscated deterministic bloom filter indices
Key benefits: Bridging the privacy-performance gap
Real-world applications: Transforming password security
Conclusion: A new era in password security

Introduction

Data breaches have become routine: millions of users worldwide face the consequences of compromised passwords. The scale is staggering: billions of credentials are exposed, fueling automated attacks and credential stuffing on a massive scale. Services like "Have I Been Pwned" now track over 12 billion breached accounts, and that number keeps growing.

Security professionals and users face a direct challenge: how can we check if a password has been compromised in a data breach without revealing the password itself to the checking service? The task sounds simple, but in reality, it requires a delicate balance between privacy, security, and performance.

Traditional approaches force a trade-off. Direct hash lookups are fast but unsafe: they expose the full hash, risking password leaks. More sophisticated cryptographic protocols offer strong privacy guarantees but come with significant computational overhead and implementation complexity that makes them impractical for many real-world applications.

We’re introducing a solution that bridges this gap: Private password breach checking using obfuscated deterministic bloom filter indices. This innovative approach provides strong privacy guarantees while maintaining the efficiency needed for practical deployment in password managers, authentication systems, and enterprise security infrastructure.

Existing solutions and their tradeoffs

To understand the significance of our new approach, it's important to examine the current methods for password breach checking and their inherent limitations.

Direct hash lookup: Simple but insecure

The earliest password breach checking services, such as LeakedSource, employed a straightforward approach: users would submit the SHA-1 hash of their password, and the service would check if that exact hash appeared in their breach database. Although simple to deploy and very fast to apply, this method is insecure and prone to potential attacks.

When a user submits their password hash directly, they're essentially handing over a cryptographic fingerprint of their password to the service. This creates several attack vectors: malicious actors could perform rainbow table attacks against the submitted hash, launch focused dictionary attacks targeting that specific hash, or correlate the same password across multiple services. The fundamental problem is that the hash itself becomes a valuable piece of information that can be exploited.

K-anonymity: A step forward with remaining vulnerabilities

Recognizing the security issues with direct hash submission, Troy Hunt introduced the k-anonymity approach for the "Have I Been Pwned" service, which has since been adopted by major companies including Cloudflare and Microsoft. This method represents a significant improvement in privacy protection while maintaining reasonable performance characteristics.

In the k-anonymity approach, instead of sending the full password hash, the client computes the SHA-1 hash of their password and sends only the first 5 hexadecimal characters (representing 20 bits) to the server. The server then returns all hashes in its database that begin with that prefix, typically between 400 and 800 hashes. The client then checks locally whether their full hash appears in the returned list.

This approach offers several advantages: it's simple to implement, provides reasonable privacy protection, and uses bandwidth efficiently. However, recent security analysis has revealed significant vulnerabilities. The method still leaks 20 bits of entropy about the password, and research has demonstrated that this partial information can increase password cracking success rates by an order of magnitude when attackers have access to the leaked prefixes. The approach is particularly vulnerable to targeted attacks against highvalue accounts, where even partial information can be valuable to sophisticated adversaries.

Cryptographic protocols: Strong privacy at a high cost

At the other end of the spectrum, advanced cryptographic protocols offer robust privacy guarantees but come with substantial implementation and performance costs. Two primary approaches have emerged in this category: Oblivious Pseudorandom Functions (OPRF) and Private Set Intersection (PSI).

The OPRF approach, used in Google's Password Checkup service and Apple's iCloud Keychain, employs a sophisticated cryptographic dance. The client first "blinds" its password hash using a random value, creating a masked version that reveals nothing about the original password. The server then applies a pseudorandom function to this blinded value without learning anything about the underlying password. Finally, the client "unblinds" the result and checks if the final value exists in a pre-downloaded set of breached identifiers.

Private Set Intersection protocols take a different approach, using advanced cryptographic techniques like homomorphic encryption or garbled circuits. These protocols allow a client to learn the intersection of its password set and the server's breach database without either party revealing their complete set to the other.

While these cryptographic approaches provide excellent privacy guarantees with no information leakage, they come with significant drawbacks. They require complex implementations involving elliptic curve cryptography, impose high computational costs that can be 100 to 1000 times slower than simple hash operations, and in some PSI protocols, require substantial bandwidth for large breach sets. These factors make them impractical for many real-world applications, particularly those requiring real-time password validation or deployment on resource-constrained devices.

Local and offline approaches: Perfect privacy with practical limitations

Some organizations have opted for local or offline approaches to achieve perfect privacy. There are services like "Have I Been Pwned" that offer downloadable password lists, allowing organizations to download the entire breach database (approximately 25GB uncompressed, 11GB compressed) and perform searches locally. Organizations can also build local Bloom filters from these datasets, reducing storage requirements to around 860MB for 500 million passwords with a 0.1% false positive rate.

While local approaches provide perfect privacy since no network communication is required, they present their own challenges. Storage requirements can be prohibitive, especially for mobile applications. Keeping the local database synchronized with new breaches requires regular updates, and the approach is generally impractical for most enduser applications, particularly on mobile devices with limited storage capacity.

Our innovation: Obfuscated deterministic bloom filter indices

Our new algorithm represents a fundamental breakthrough in password breach checking by introducing a new approach that combines the efficiency of Bloom filters with sophisticated obfuscation techniques. The result is a system that provides strong privacy guarantees while maintaining the performance characteristics needed for real-world deployment.

Understanding bloom filters: The foundation

To understand our approach, it's helpful to first grasp the concept of a Bloom filter. A Bloom filter is a space-efficient probabilistic data structure designed to test whether an element is a member of a set. Think of it as a highly compressed representation of a large dataset that can quickly answer the question "Is this item definitely not in the set?" or "This item might be in the set."

The beauty of Bloom filters lies in their efficiency. Instead of storing the actual password hashes, a Bloom filter represents the breach database as a large array of bits. When a password hash is added to the filter, multiple hash functions are applied to generate several index positions in the bit array, and those positions are set to 1. To check if a password might be compromised, the same hash functions are applied to generate the same index positions, and if all those positions contain 1, the password might be in the breach database.

The probabilistic nature of Bloom filters means they can produce false positives (indicating a password might be breached when it actually isn't) but never false negatives (they will never miss a password that is actually breached). This characteristic makes them perfect for security applications where it's better to err on the side of caution.

The core innovation: Deterministic obfuscation

The key insight behind our algorithm is that while Bloom filters are efficient, directly querying specific bit positions would still reveal information about the password being checked. Our solution introduces a sophisticated obfuscation mechanism that hides the real query among carefully crafted noise.

The algorithm operates on a simple but powerful principle: when checking a password, instead of requesting only the bit positions that correspond to that password, the client also requests additional "noise" positions that are generated deterministically but appear random to the server. This creates a situation where the server cannot distinguish between the real query positions and the fake ones, effectively hiding the password being checked.

What makes this approach particularly elegant is the use of deterministic noise generation. Unlike random noise, which would create different query patterns each time the same password is checked, our deterministic approach ensures that checking the same password always generates the same set of noise positions. This consistency is crucial for both security and efficiency reasons.

How the algorithm works: A three-phase process

Our algorithm operates through three distinct phases, each designed to maintain privacy while ensuring efficient operation.

Phase 1: Server setup
The server begins by taking a comprehensive set of compromised password hashes from known data breaches. These hashes are then used to populate a large Bloom filter bit array. For each compromised password hash, multiple hash functions are applied to generate several index positions in the bit array, and those positions are marked as 1. The result is a compact representation of millions or billions of compromised passwords that can be queried efficiently.

Phase 2: Client query generation
When a client wants to check a password, the process begins by computing a cryptographic hash of the password. The client then generates two sets of indices: the "true indices" that correspond to the password being checked, and "noise indices" that serve as decoys.

The true indices are generated by applying the same hash functions used by the server to the password hash. These are the positions in the Bloom filter that would need to be checked to determine if the password is compromised.

The noise indices are generated using a pseudorandom function keyed with a secret that only the client knows. This secret ensures that the noise appears random to the server but is deterministic for the client. The number of noise indices is carefully chosen to provide strong privacy guarantees while maintaining efficiency.

Once both sets of indices are generated, they are combined and shuffled in a deterministic but unpredictable manner. This shuffling ensures that the server cannot distinguish between real and fake indices based on their position in the query.

Phase 3: Query processing and response
The client sends the shuffled set of indices to the server, which responds with the bit values at each requested position. The server has no way to determine which indices correspond to the actual password being checked and which are noise.

Upon receiving the response, the client examines only the bit values corresponding to the true indices. If any of these positions contains a 0, the password is definitively not compromised. If all true index positions contain 1, the password may be compromised, though there's a small possibility of a false positive due to the probabilistic nature of Bloom filters.

The power of deterministic noise

The deterministic nature of our noise generation provides several crucial advantages over alternative approaches. When the same password is checked multiple times, the exact same query is sent to the server each time. This consistency prevents correlation attacks where an adversary might try to identify patterns across multiple queries for the same password.

In contrast, if random noise were used, repeated queries for the same password would generate different noise patterns each time. A sophisticated adversary could potentially analyze multiple queries and identify the common elements, gradually narrowing down the true indices. Our deterministic approach eliminates this vulnerability entirely.

The deterministic noise also provides computational efficiency benefits. Since the same password always generates the same query, clients can cache results, and the system can optimize for repeated queries without compromising security.

Key benefits: Bridging the privacy-performance gap

Our algorithm delivers a unique combination of benefits that address the fundamental challenges in password breach checking, offering a practical solution that doesn't force users to choose between privacy and performance.

Strong privacy guarantees

The algorithm provides robust privacy protection through several mechanisms. The deterministic obfuscation ensures that queries for different passwords are computationally indistinguishable to the server. Even with access to vast computational resources and knowledge of common passwords, an adversarial server cannot determine which password is being checked based solely on the query pattern.

The system is specifically designed to resist correlation attacks, where an adversary attempts to learn information by analyzing multiple queries over time. Because the same password always generates the same query pattern, repeated checks don't provide additional information that could compromise privacy. This stands in stark contrast to systems using random noise, where multiple queries for the same password would eventually reveal the true query pattern.

Operating under an honest-but-curious threat model, the algorithm assumes the server will follow the protocol yet may attempt to extract information from observed queries. Our approach ensures that even a sophisticated adversary with access to public breach databases and the ability to store and analyze all queries over time cannot extract meaningful information about the passwords being checked.

Exceptional performance characteristics

One of the most compelling aspects of our algorithm is its performance profile. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that the system achieves sub-millisecond query times, making it suitable for real-time password validation scenarios. This performance is achieved through the efficient nature of Bloom filter operations and the streamlined query process.

The bandwidth overhead is minimal, typically requiring less than 1KB per query. This efficiency makes the algorithm practical for mobile applications and environments with limited network connectivity. The low bandwidth requirements also reduce server costs and improve scalability for service providers.

The computational overhead on both client and server sides is minimal. Clients need only perform basic cryptographic hash operations and simple bit manipulations. Servers can respond to queries with straightforward bit array lookups. This simplicity stands in stark contrast to cryptographic protocols that require complex elliptic curve operations or homomorphic encryption computations.

Scalability and practical deployment

Built for real-world deployment, the algorithm ensures that server-side infrastructure can efficiently process millions of concurrent queries while keeping response times consistent. The Bloom filter representation allows for compact storage of massive breach databases, making it economically feasible to maintain comprehensive breach checking services.

The system supports easy updates as new breaches are discovered. New compromised passwords can be added to the Bloom filter without requiring changes to the client-side implementation or forcing users to update their software. This flexibility is crucial for maintaining up-to-date protection against emerging threats.

Robust resistance to denial-of-service attacks is another advantage. The lightweight nature of query processing means that servers can handle high query volumes without significant resource consumption. Because queries are deterministic, effective caching can further boost performance and reduce server load.

Compatibility and integration

Our approach is designed to integrate seamlessly with existing security infrastructure. The algorithm can be implemented as a drop-in replacement for existing password breach checking mechanisms without requiring significant changes to client applications. Password managers, authentication systems, and enterprise security tools can adopt the algorithm with minimal modification to their existing codebases.

The system is compatible with various deployment models, from cloud-based services to on-premises installations. Organizations can choose to operate their own breach checking infrastructure using our algorithm while maintaining the same privacy and performance benefits.

The algorithm also supports various customization options to meet specific security requirements. Organizations can adjust the noise levels, Bloom filter parameters, and other configuration options to balance privacy, performance, and storage requirements according to their specific needs.

Real-world applications: Transforming password security

The practical benefits of our algorithm translate into significant improvements across a wide range of security applications and use cases. The combination of strong privacy guarantees and high performance opens up new possibilities for password security that were previously impractical or impossible.

Password managers: Enhanced security without compromise

Password managers represent one of the most compelling applications for our algorithm. These tools are responsible for generating, storing, and managing passwords for millions of users, making them a critical component of modern digital security. However, traditional password managers have faced challenges in implementing comprehensive breach checking due to privacy and performance constraints.

With our algorithm, password managers can now offer real-time breach checking for all stored passwords without compromising user privacy. When users save a new password or during periodic security audits, the password manager can instantly verify whether the password has appeared in known data breaches. This capability enables password managers to provide immediate feedback to users, encouraging them to change compromised passwords before they can be exploited.

The low latency and minimal bandwidth requirements make it practical to check passwords in real-time as users type them during password creation. This immediate feedback can guide users toward stronger, uncompromised passwords without creating friction in the user experience. The privacy guarantees ensure that even the password manager service provider cannot learn about the specific passwords being checked, maintaining the trust that is essential for these security tools.

Authentication systems: Proactive security measures

Modern authentication systems can leverage our algorithm to implement proactive security measures that protect users from credential-based attacks. During login attempts, authentication systems can check submitted passwords against breach databases in realtime, identifying potentially compromised credentials before they can be used maliciously.

This capability enables authentication systems to implement adaptive security policies. For example, if a user attempts to log in with a password that has been found in a data breach, the system can require additional authentication factors, prompt for a password change, or temporarily restrict account access until the user updates their credentials. These measures can significantly reduce the success rate of credential stuffing attacks and other passwordbased threats.

The algorithm's performance characteristics make it suitable for high-volume authentication scenarios, such as enterprise login systems or consumer web services with millions of users. The sub-millisecond query times ensure that breach checking doesn't introduce noticeable delays in the authentication process, maintaining a smooth user experience while enhancing security.

Enterprise security infrastructure: Comprehensive protection

Large organizations face unique challenges in password security due to the scale and complexity of their IT environments. Our algorithm provides enterprise security teams with powerful tools for implementing comprehensive password security policies across their organizations.

Enterprise security systems can use the algorithm to continuously monitor employee passwords against breach databases, identifying compromised credentials before they can be exploited by attackers. This monitoring can be integrated with existing identity and access management systems, automatically triggering password reset requirements when compromised credentials are detected.

The algorithm also supports compliance requirements by providing organizations with the ability to demonstrate that they are actively monitoring for compromised credentials. Many regulatory frameworks and security standards require organizations to implement measures for detecting and responding to credential compromise, and our algorithm provides a practical, privacy-preserving solution for meeting these requirements. For organizations with strict data privacy requirements, the algorithm's privacy guarantees ensure that sensitive password information never leaves the organization's control. This capability is particularly important for organizations in regulated industries or those handling sensitive personal information.

Consumer applications: Democratizing security

The efficiency and simplicity of our algorithm make it practical to implement in consumer applications that previously couldn't afford the overhead of comprehensive breach checking. Mobile applications, web browsers, and other consumer software can now offer enterprise-grade password security features without requiring significant computational resources or complex cryptographic implementations.

Web browsers can integrate the algorithm to provide real-time feedback when users create or update passwords on websites. This integration can help users avoid reusing compromised passwords across multiple sites, reducing their exposure to credential stuffing attacks. The low bandwidth requirements make this practical even on mobile networks with limited connectivity.

Consumer applications can also use the algorithm to implement security dashboards that help users understand and improve their overall password security posture. By checking all of a user's passwords against breach databases, these applications can provide personalized recommendations for improving security without compromising the privacy of individual passwords.

Service providers: Enabling privacy-preserving security services

Our algorithm creates new opportunities for service providers to offer privacy-preserving security services. Companies can build breach checking services that provide strong privacy guarantees to their customers, enabling new business models and service offerings that were previously impractical due to privacy concerns.

The algorithm's efficiency makes it economically viable to operate large-scale breach checking services. The low computational and bandwidth requirements reduce operational costs, making it possible to offer these services at scale while maintaining reasonable pricing. The ability to handle high query volumes also enables service providers to serve large customer bases without significant infrastructure investments.

Service providers can also offer the algorithm as a component of broader security platforms, integrating breach checking with other security services such as threat intelligence, vulnerability management, and security monitoring. This integration can provide customers with comprehensive security solutions that address multiple aspects of cybersecurity while maintaining strong privacy protections.

Conclusion: A new era in password security

The introduction of our Private password breach checking algorithm using obfuscated deterministic bloom filter indices represents a significant advancement in the field of password security. By successfully bridging the gap between privacy and performance, we have created a solution that makes comprehensive password breach checking practical for a wide range of applications and use cases.

The algorithm's key innovations — deterministic noise generation, efficient Bloom filter operations, and sophisticated obfuscation techniques — combine to deliver a system that provides strong privacy guarantees while maintaining the performance characteristics needed for real-world deployment. With sub-millisecond query times and minimal bandwidth overhead, the algorithm makes it possible to implement real-time password breach checking in applications ranging from consumer password managers to enterprise authentication systems.

The privacy guarantees provided by our algorithm are particularly significant in today's regulatory environment, where data protection and user privacy are increasingly important considerations. By ensuring that password information never needs to be revealed to checking services, our algorithm enables organizations to implement comprehensive security measures while maintaining compliance with privacy regulations and user expectations.

The practical impact of this technology extends far beyond technical improvements. By making privacy-preserving password breach checking accessible and efficient, we are enabling a new generation of security tools and services that can better protect users from the growing threat of credential-based attacks. The algorithm's compatibility with existing infrastructure and ease of implementation mean that these benefits can be realized quickly and broadly across the security ecosystem.

As cyber threats continue to evolve and data breaches become increasingly common, the need for effective password security measures will only grow. Our algorithm provides a foundation for building more secure, privacy-preserving systems that can adapt to meet these challenges while maintaining the usability and performance that users expect.

The development of this algorithm represents just the beginning of our work in privacypreserving security technologies. We are committed to continuing research and development in this area, exploring new applications and improvements that can further enhance the security and privacy of digital systems.

We believe that the future of cybersecurity lies in solutions that don't force users to choose between security and privacy. Our Private password breach checking algorithm demonstrates that it is possible to achieve both goals simultaneously, providing a model for future innovations in security technology.

For organizations and developers interested in implementing this technology, we encourage you to explore the detailed technical specifications and implementation guidance provided in our comprehensive research paper. The paper includes formal security analysis, detailed implementation recommendations, and comprehensive performance evaluations that provide the foundation for successful deployment of this algorithm in production environments.

For complete technical details, implementation guidance, and formal security analysis, please refer to our full research paper: Private password breach-checking using obfuscated deterministic bloom filter indices.
* The research paper includes detailed mathematical proofs, comprehensive performance benchmarks, and complete implementation examples for developers interested in integrating this technology into their applications.

Private password breach checking: A new algorithm for secure password validation

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Help

User manual Technical documentation Help center Privacy policy and GDPR

Passwork 7.1.2 release

Vault types

Viewing all system vaults

Improvements

Bug fixes

Passwork 7.1 release

Introduction

Preparation and real-world testing

Coordination across teams and vendors

Tools and technologies for an effective response

Compliance and continuous improvement

Conclusion

Further reading

Incident response planning: Preparedness vs. reality

Table of contents

Introduction

Why training matters in GDPR password security

GDPR password security training: Best practices

Common mistakes employees make with passwords

Business risks of poor GDPR password security

Conclusion

FAQ: Frequently asked questions about GDPR password security training

Further reading

GDPR password security: Guide to effective staff training

Table of contents

Introduction

The shared responsibility model: Theory vs practice

Where ambiguity leads to risk

Contracts, fine print, and operational realities

Lessons learned: Avoiding misconfiguration

Conclusion

Further reading

Cloud security: Shared responsibility or shared confusion?

Table of contents

Introduction

Cyber insurance: What does it cover?

The day-to-day reality of cybersecurity

Navigating Global Compliance

The rewards and challenges of cybersecurity

Conclusion

Further reading

Cyber insurance: A false sense of security?

Table of contents

Introduction

How HIPAA works

Cybersecurity and clinical efficiency

HIPAA and password management

How to train staff to meet HIPAA standards

How Passwork supports HIPAA compliance

Sustainable HIPAA compliance

Further reading

HIPAA requirements for password management

What the pentest covered

Why this matters

Continuous improvement

Passwork 7: Security verified by HackerOne

Table of Contents

Introduction

What are insider threats?

Ethical dilemmas: Surveillance vs. privacy

Insiders vs. outsiders: Who poses a bigger risk?

Separating signals from noise

Predictive vs. reactive threat detection

Balancing trust and security

Key takeaways

Conclusion

Further reading:

Insider threats: Prevention vs. privacy

Table of contents

Introduction

Existing solutions and their tradeoffs

Direct hash lookup: Simple but insecure

K-anonymity: A step forward with remaining vulnerabilities

Cryptographic protocols: Strong privacy at a high cost

Local and offline approaches: Perfect privacy with practical limitations

Our innovation: Obfuscated deterministic bloom filter indices

Understanding bloom filters: The foundation

The core innovation: Deterministic obfuscation

How the algorithm works: A three-phase process

The power of deterministic noise