A complete guide for SSL, TLS and certificates

VR
Latest — Oct 31, 2024

The technology of virtual reality, which has spread relatively recently, is rapidly evolving and gaining popularity. Manufacturing companies are actively developing and experimenting with this new technology. Virtual reality is used not only in the entertainment industry but also in science, education, medicine, architecture, and others. For cybercriminals, access to such data can become an attractive target.

At present, cases of hacking VR headsets and glasses are not widespread, but as virtual reality technologies develop and their popularity increases, it can be expected that such attacks will become more relevant for cybercriminals. Examples of cases may include vulnerabilities in the software of VR devices, which can be used for remote control or for collecting confidential information. In the future, with an increase in the number of VR technology users, the likelihood of such device hacks may increase.

VR technology

Virtual reality is a technology that allows users to immerse in a three-dimensional virtual world using technical means. A person can either simply observe another reality through glasses—watching 360-degree videos—or interact with it by playing games using controllers.

A full VR set includes a headset, controllers, and cameras. The headset creates the sensation that the player is in another reality—he or she can see and hear it. Motion sensors and accelerometers provide additional opportunities to fully immerse in the game. With controllers, one can perform actions and control their movements in the game, while cameras additionally collect information—reading the player's movements and warning if the player approaches set boundaries in real life, for example, a wall or furniture.

It's also important to highlight the capabilities of devices operating in augmented reality mode, where a person simultaneously sees both the good old "analog" world and virtual interfaces with which they can also interact.

Risks and information security threats when using VR

Cybercriminals may be interested in users' confidential data. By finding vulnerabilities in a VR application and hacking it, they can gain access to cameras and microphones.

Hacking VR headsets is a serious violation of users' privacy and security. Hackers can exploit vulnerabilities in the software or hardware of devices to access users' personal data, including location information, physiological parameters, and even video and audio recordings of virtual reality sessions. This can lead to various negative consequences, including theft of personal information, blackmail, privacy breaches, and even physical danger.

Cybercriminals can also deploy VR exploits to gain control over players' devices. In this case, they have access to the PC, can activate the microphone to eavesdrop, monitor user actions, and collect various information, including bank transactions, logins, and passwords.

If malicious software replicates itself, it can infect all visitors in a virtual room. This allows for collecting data about many people at once, monitoring their actions, encrypting files on their PCs, and then blackmailing them for ransom to restore access. When using a VR headset or set in business, hacking will have more serious consequences. A computer connected to a VR device becomes an entry point for cybercriminals into the corporate network.

Data protection and ensuring virtual reality security

To protect devices from hacking, it's necessary to understand the threat level and take security seriously. Here are some recommendations for protection. 

Regularly update the VR headset software to eliminate identified vulnerabilities and provide protection against new types of cyber threats. Connect only to secure Wi-Fi networks with data encryption (such as WPA2). Also, avoid open and unreliable networks to prevent interception of personal information.

It's important to protect access to the VR headset with a password or other authentication methods to prevent unauthorized access to the device. VR headset applications should be downloaded only from official stores to avoid installing malicious software. Finally, if possible, configure access rights to the device's data and functions to limit third-party applications' access to personal information. Following these measures will reduce the risk of cyber threats and ensure the safe use of VR headsets online.

Also important not to neglect updating your devices' software, as cybercriminals are constantly looking for new ways to access others' devices. Companies, in turn, promptly fix vulnerabilities in their products. For example, Apple released the first security patch fixing a zero-day vulnerability for Apple Vision Pro the day after journalists published reviews.

Conclusion

The use of virtual and augmented reality is rapidly evolving. New ways of applying it are found in various fields. There are not many cases related to the hacking of VR headsets and VR sets. However, experts predict an increase in attacks by cybercriminals in the future, proportional to the spread of VR technologies.

Using vulnerabilities in VR devices, cybercriminals can collect confidential data, record audio from microphones, and video from cameras, and even gain control over PCs and access corporate systems. To avoid this, it's necessary to take precautions: update software in time, not share access data with anyone, connect only through reliable Wi-Fi networks, and install VR applications only from official stores.

New reality, same threats: How to safely use VR headsets and glasses

AI
Oct 25, 2024 — 4 min read

Neural networks are increasingly penetrating various spheres of our lives: from big data analysis, speech synthesis, and image creation to controlling autonomous vehicles and aircraft. In 2024, Tesla developers added neural network support for autopilot, AI has long been used in drone shows to form various figures and QR codes in the sky, and marketers and designers apply AI in their work to generate illustrations and text.

After the release of ChatGPT at the end of 2022 and its popularity, various companies have been actively developing their services based on GPT models. With the help of various services and AI-based Telegram bots, neural networks have become accessible to a wide range of users. However, if information security rules are not followed, the use of various services and neural networks involves certain risks. Let's discuss these in more detail.

Risks of using neural networks

The euphoria caused by the discovery of GPT chat for many people has been replaced by caution. With the emergence of numerous services based on language models, both free and paid, users have noticed that chatbots can provide unreliable or harmful information. Particularly dangerous is incorrect information regarding health, nutrition, and finances, as well as data on weapon manufacturing, drug distribution, and more. 

Moreover, the capabilities of neural networks are constantly expanding, and the latest versions can create remarkably believable fakes, synthesizing voice or video. Fraudsters use these features to deceive their victims by forging messages and calls from acquaintances and videos with famous personalities.

The main threat is the emerging trust many users have in neural networks and various chatbots in particular. Surrounded by an aura of accuracy and impartiality, people forget that neural networks can operate on fictional facts, provide inaccurate information, and generally make erroneous conclusions. It has been shown repeatedly that mistakes happen. If you ask frivolous questions, the damage will likely be minimal. But, if you use chatbots to resolve issues in finance or medicine, the consequences can be quite destructive. Moreover, often to get a response from a neural network, you must provide some data.

A big question is how this data will then be processed and stored. No one guarantees that the information about you that you included in the queries will not subsequently appear somewhere on the darknet or become the basis for a sophisticated phishing attack.

In March 2024, bug hunters at Offensive AI Lab, thanks to a data encryption feature in ChatGPT and Microsoft Copilot, found a way to decrypt and read intercepted responses. Regardless of how quickly OpenAI was able to patch this hole, its existence is a prime example of how malicious actors might use vulnerabilities in APIs to steal confidential data, including passwords or corporate information. In addition, vulnerabilities make it possible to conduct DDoS attacks on the system and bypass protection.

There are several types of attacks on AI, and it is important to be able to distinguish them. For example, evasion attacks (modification of input data) are potentially the most frequent. If the model requires input data for operation, it can be modified appropriately to disrupt the AI. On the other hand, data poisoning attacks have a long-term character. A Trojan present in the AI model remains even after it is retrained. All this can be combined into adversarial attacks – a way to deceive a neural network to produce an incorrect result.

Neural networks are still not sufficiently protected from attacks, data falsification, and interference in their operation for malicious purposes, so users should be vigilant and follow certain rules when working with chatbots.

Precautions and recommendations

The technology of large language models is rapidly developing, penetrating deeper into everyday life, and gaining more users. To protect yourself and your data from potential threats, it is important to adhere to some rules when working with neural networks:

  • Do not share confidential information with chatbots;
  • Download neural network applications and services from reliable sources;
  • Verify the information provided by the chatbot.

Moreover, the main recommendation when working with public neural networks is not to assume that your dialogue with it is private. It's better to avoid a situation where the questions asked contain any private information about you or your company. The exception is if you are working with an isolated instance of a neural network, located in your environment and for which your company is responsible.

Also, carefully check the services through which you interact with the neural network. An unknown Telegram channel promising free work with all known LLM models definitely should not be trusted.

Companies, whose employees use neural networks at the workplace, should be especially cautious. The interest of malicious actors in corporate data is higher, and they hunt for sensitive organizational information first and foremost.

The best way to protect against cyber threats is to implement ongoing cybersecurity and AI training for employees. This is an important component of any work process, especially in Russia, where there is a shortage of qualified cybersecurity specialists. Only 3.5% fully meet the current requirements for a worker in this field. Through training, it is possible to improve specialists' skills and, consequently, reduce the number of attacks by more than 70%.

Additional measures should also be taken to enhance the overall IT security of the company. First of all, it is necessary to develop improved AI training algorithms considering its potential vulnerabilities, which will make the model more reliable by 87%. It is also necessary to "train" the neural network: to allow it to cope with artificially created cyber attacks to improve the algorithm's performance. This will help reduce the number of hacks by 84%. Moreover, it is necessary to constantly update the software to reduce the number of vulnerabilities by more than 90%.

Conclusion

Both businesses and ordinary users have already managed to "taste" the benefits of neural networks. In a large number of areas, they help solve everyday tasks and save effort and money. For example, generative neural networks have significantly affected the cost of producing movies, TV series, and other videos where graphics and processing are needed. At the same time, roughly the same neural networks have caused a wave of deep fakes, such as the new variation of the Fake Boss attack. 

Every user must understand that the neural network is vulnerable. Just like a messenger, mailbox, or work task planner – it can be hacked or subject to other failures, so it is important to approach working with it consciously.

Can neural networks keep secrets? Data protection when working with AI

Oct 24, 2024 — 3 min read

Web browsers stand as gatekeepers of information, offering a semblance of privacy through a feature widely known as "Incognito mode." This mode, known variably as "Private" in Opera, "InPrivate" in Internet Explorer and Microsoft Edge, and simply "Incognito" in Google Chrome, suggests a veil of confidentiality. These names suggest a level of confidentiality, which can mislead some users about the actual capabilities of this mode. In this article, we have shed light on what Incognito mode really does, how it protects data, and how to maintain privacy online.

Understanding incognito mode

Incognito mode is a browser feature designed to hide certain online activities from other users of the same device. When activated, the browser stops saving:

  • The history of search queries and visited pages;
  • Cookies and site data;
  • Information entered in forms;
  • Passwords for autofill purposes.

Moreover, files downloaded while in Incognito mode won't appear in the device's download history. However, it's important to note that the websites you visit, your system administrator, and your internet service provider can still track your actions.

Myths surrounding incognito mode

One of the most pervasive myths about Incognito mode is its supposed ability to render users invisible to internet service providers (ISPs), governments, and malicious software. Contrary to popular belief, Incognito mode does not make one's online activities invisible to ISPs or shield against government surveillance. Nor does it offer any protection against viruses or malware. The mode merely ensures that the local browsing history, cookies, and site data are not stored on the user's device once the session is ended.

Another dangerous misconception is the belief that Incognito mode can protect users from all forms of online tracking. While it does prevent the storage of cookies and browsing history on the device, it does not hide the user's IP address or encrypt their internet traffic. Websites visited, as well as network administrators and ISPs, can still track online activities. This misunderstanding can lead users to overestimate the protection Incognito mode offers, potentially engaging in risky online behaviors under the false assumption of complete anonymity.

Appropriate uses for incognito mode

Despite its name, Incognito mode cannot guarantee complete privacy or data protection on the internet. Users should keep this in mind when using it. However, Incognito mode does offer several convenient features:

  • It can keep your browsing interests hidden from family members or colleagues;
  • It allows you to log into multiple accounts simultaneously by opening additional sessions in Incognito mode;
  • It makes it harder for websites to collect information about your preferences for targeted advertising;
  • It enables you to access your accounts on shared devices without leaving your account open to others. 

We recommend considering more reliable protection measures than just Incognito mode. If you're the sole user of your device, Incognito mode might not be particularly useful. Focusing on more effective measures such as antivirus protection, using a VPN, and controlling app permissions is advisable. If you're concerned about your data, consider regular backups and encryption.

Built-in VPNs and incognito mode

Some browsers offer built-in VPNs when using Incognito mode. Unfortunately, these are only partial measures that provide relative security for user information online. While Incognito mode can hide your browsing history within the browser, a built-in VPN might not be as reliable as a standalone application. For instance, a VPN provider can be hacked, or it might share user data with third parties. 

Free VPN services might collect user data for analytics or severely limit the performance of such solutions. It's also important to be wary of "dangerous" VPN servers that steal personal data, as they sit between the user and the web resource. Additionally, some VPNs may come bundled with malicious modules (e.g., miners) that financially benefit the VPN or browser owner at the expense of unsuspecting users.

Wrapping up – maintaining privacy online

For robust data protection and complete confidentiality, Incognito mode is insufficient. Additional tools are necessary. One solution for ensuring anonymity online is using a VPN from trusted vendors. A Virtual Private Network encrypts your data and hides your IP address. Other protective measures include:

  • Using secure, up-to-date browsers;
  • Installing and regularly updating antivirus software on your devices, as well as antivirus plugins for browsers to prevent visiting malicious sites and downloading suspicious files;
  • Using complex and unique passwords for each account, along with two-factor authentication where possible;
  • Exercising caution when opening and downloading files from unreliable sources to avoid malware;
  • Only using VPN services from trusted vendors;
  • Carefully reviewing the privacy policies of websites and services to understand how they handle user data.

Remember the importance of common sense and digital hygiene. Avoid downloading files indiscriminately, clicking on unknown links, or entering sensitive information on suspicious websites. While Incognito mode is a convenient feature, it's most effective when used correctly and with an understanding of its limitations.

The hidden truths and myths of incognito mode: Privacy in the digital age

Oct 21, 2024 — 4 min read

Cybersecurity — as complex as it sounds — is an essential concept that we all need to be aware of in this day and age. Computers, phones, and smart devices have become an extension of our bodies at this point, which makes their security paramount. From your family photos to your bank details and social media handles, everything lives inside these devices. That’s why a security breach could have potentially life-changing consequences. With viruses and malware getting more advanced than ever, it’s no longer just a programmer’s job to care about cybersecurity. Every user should have at least a basic understanding of it to be able to implement it onto their devices. 

But, most of us aren’t too tech-savvy, so we can’t even understand the most basic computer terms. That’s why the first step is to get familiar with cybersecurity jargon so that you can easily grasp and follow tutorials online. In this article, we’re covering some of the most common cybersecurity terms and phrases. We’ve handpicked the most important ones, so read till the end and don’t miss any. Let’s get into it!

Phishing

Phishing is a malicious way to get unsuspecting users to click on shady links or attachments, or get them to reveal sensitive information by posing as a legitimate organization or business. Some attempts can be spotted easier than others depending on how sophisticated the setup is, and the user’s level of awareness.

Trojan

Sometimes, harmful code can be disguised as a legitimate program, application, or file, which is called a Trojan. 

Keylogger

A keylogger is a software tool that can monitor and record all keystrokes entered by a user. Through the data gathered by a keylogger, hackers can easily steal sensitive information like login details, credentials, OTPs (one-time passwords), private texts, and much more.

Account hijacking

Account hijacking is where a hacker takes control of a user’s account with malicious intent like stealing sensitive information or sharing problematic content through their platform. You could see it as a form of online identity theft, making it one of the biggest cybersecurity threats faced by celebrities and influential personalities.

DevSecOps

DevSecOps seem like gibberish at first glance, but it’s a combination of the words “development,” “security,” and “operations.”

The combined term refers to a software development approach that integrates security solutions into the development process right from the get-go. It’s ideal because, with cybersecurity threats, prevention really is better than cure. 

Digital footprint

As an online user, anything you do online creates a “footprint” consisting of your activities on the internet. For instance, what you post, what you like, the purchases you make, or simply the web pages you browse through. That’s your digital footprint. 

Cyber insurance

It’s a type of insurance that helps large organizations cover the risk of financial losses that may occur as a result of data breaches or cyberattacks.

Threat vector

Hackers or cyber attackers use a certain method or path to get into their target device, network, or system, referred to as the “threat vector.” 

IP address

An Internet Protocol (IP) address consists of a series of numbers associated with WiFi routers, servers, computers, and just about anything that’s connected to the Internet. Just like your standard home address, an IP address specifies the location of a system or device, letting users find it anywhere on the global network.

Malware

Malware is one of the most common words used within the cybersecurity space. It’s short for “malicious software,” and can be any code that’s meant to cause harm to systems or computers. Depending on how dangerous it is, it can steal, delete, and spy on information, or even destroy a system altogether.

Virus

A computer virus is a specific type of malware that’s designed to corrupt, change, or delete information from a system. Like viral diseases, a computer virus also passes onto other systems through in-built multiplication means like sending out emails with malware as attachments, etc. 

Antivirus software

Antivirus software, as the name suggests, is a computer program that’s responsible for preventing, detecting, and getting rid of malware. Getting a strong antivirus service for your Mac or Windows PC is the most important step you can take to reinforce your cybersecurity defenses as an average user.

VPN

Most of us already know or use VPNs, without ever even knowing what it stands for. It’s an acronym for “Virtual Private Network,” whereby the user’s actual IP address gets replaced by the VPN’s — granting them digital anonymity and making a cyber attacker’s life much harder. 

Cryptojacking

Cryptojacking is another modern threat for unsuspecting users where hackers can start using your computer’s processing power to mine cryptocurrency in an unauthorized manner. This slows down performance and starts jacking up your utility bills while the user has no clue.  

Data encryption

Data encryption is the process of encoding data such that no third party can access it unless they have a decryption key. 

Data protection

Data protection is an umbrella term that consists of many different practices designed to prevent private info from getting exposed to the wrong eyes. Data encryption, for instance, is one of the examples of data protection. 

DDoS attacks

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) is a method used by attackers to render a server or site unusable. It involves overwhelming it with bots or malicious traffic in volumes that are way over the capacity it’s meant to handle.

Worm

A worm is a particularly nasty type of malware that can reproduce itself just to spread to other networks and computers. They can either slow down the computer by compromising its resources or steal data.

Conclusion

Now that you know some of the most commonly used cybersecurity jargon, you can hopefully start to educate yourself on this crucial topic. This vocabulary should allow you to comprehend basic cybersecurity tutorials to perform regular tasks like installing an antivirus program, performing a scan, and quarantining or removing threats from your computer. All the best!

Comprehensive guide: Cybersecurity vocabulary – terms and phrases you need to know

Oct 18, 2024 — 3 min read

The issue of data residency is becoming increasingly critical in 2024, especially concerning data stored in cloud environments. 

This concern is primarily driven by stringent data protection frameworks like the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which mandates strict guidelines for handling personal data within the European Union and European Economic Area. 

The GDPR has necessitated a comprehensive reassessment of how organizations manage, protect, and govern personal data, underscoring the need for robust and dynamic data governance practices.

Let’s take a closer look. 

The global Impact of GDPR and beyond

The introduction of the GDPR has catalyzed a global movement toward stronger data privacy protections. Countries across the globe, including Australia, Brazil, Canada, Japan, South Africa, and the UAE, have responded by enacting their data protection laws. This worldwide legislative trend highlights a growing consensus on the importance of data privacy, reflecting an international commitment to safeguarding personal information against misuse and breaches in the digital era.

The consequences of failing to comply with data protection regulations are severe, with the potential for substantial financial penalties and reputational damage. The case of Meta, Facebook's parent company, being fined $1.3 billion by the EU for GDPR violations in May 2023, exemplifies the tangible risks organizations face. This incident not only underscores the financial implications of non-compliance but also highlights the broader reputational risks, emphasizing the critical need for stringent adherence to data privacy standards.

Concepts of data residency 

Ultimately, the idea of Data Residency involves the physical or geographical location of data, with legal mandates often requiring that data be stored within the country or region of its collection to comply with local privacy laws. However, there are two further definitions to consider. 

Data localization
Extending beyond residency, data localization imposes stricter controls on data, mandating that it remains within a specific jurisdiction. This approach reflects a desire for greater control over data movement and access, aiming to enhance data security and sovereignty.

Data sovereignty
This aspect focuses on the governance of data based on the laws of the country where it is stored and processed. Data sovereignty emphasizes the principle of national authority and control over data, highlighting the legal complexities and challenges of international data management.

The advent of cloud computing has revolutionized the way organizations store, process, and manage data. However, this revolution brings with it specific challenges, particularly when it comes to ensuring data residency. The dynamic and distributed nature of cloud services, while offering unprecedented flexibility and scalability, introduces complexities in adhering to data residency, localization, and sovereignty policies. The essence of cloud computing—its ability to seamlessly scale and distribute resources across geographical boundaries—stands in contrast to the rigid requirements of data residency regulations.

Moreover, the diversity in cloud deployment models adds another layer of complexity. Public clouds, offering services over the Internet, present challenges in controlling where data is stored and processed. Private clouds, operated solely for a single organization, offer greater control but require significant investment and expertise to manage effectively. Hybrid clouds, combining elements of both public and private clouds, offer flexibility but necessitate sophisticated strategies to manage data residency effectively. Each model presents unique risks and considerations for data security, from the potential for unauthorized access.

In this context, our company, Passwork, offers a self-hosted solution that addresses these challenges head-on. By providing a secure, self-hosted password management system, Passwork enables organizations to maintain complete control over their data, ensuring that it resides within their infrastructure. This approach not only aligns with data residency, localization, and sovereignty requirements but also enhances data security by keeping sensitive information out of third-party hands. 

Our solution is designed to meet the needs of businesses seeking to navigate the complexities of data protection in the cloud era, offering peace of mind through enhanced control and security. 

The pivotal role of Data Security Posture Management (DSPM) platforms

In the quest for robust data residency compliance, Data Security Posture Management (DSPM) platforms have emerged as indispensable tools. These platforms offer unparalleled capabilities for the continuous monitoring, detection, and management of data across cloud environments. With DSPM platforms, organizations gain detailed visibility into the location, movement, and activities associated with their data, enabling them to effectively navigate the complexities of data protection regulations.

DSPM platforms are instrumental in the proactive identification and classification of sensitive data, facilitating the implementation of appropriate protection measures. By leveraging these platforms, organizations can ensure that they are not only compliant with current data protection regulations but are also prepared to adapt to future changes in the regulatory landscape. The ability of DSPM platforms to provide real-time insights and alerts about potential risks and vulnerabilities is invaluable, enabling organizations to address compliance issues swiftly.

Conclusion

As we move forward in the digital age, the importance of data protection and privacy continues to grow. 

Organizations worldwide must recognize the critical need for effective data management and protection strategies, including the adoption of advanced technologies like DSPM platforms. By embracing these strategies, organizations can not only ensure compliance with international data protection standards but also protect sensitive information, maintain their reputational integrity, and avoid significant financial and legal repercussions. 

The journey toward global data privacy is ongoing, and it requires a committed, proactive approach to navigate the challenges and opportunities it presents.

Understanding the significance of data residency

Sep 27, 2024 — 3 min read

Many users today worry about their private information being stolen or misused, whether by cybercriminals hacking into databases or government agencies reading personal messages. 

Yet, despite these fears, people often voluntarily leave a significant digital footprint online by sharing sensitive information through social media posts, filling out forms, and agreeing to data processing terms without a second thought. 

This behavior, while seemingly harmless, can lead to various consequences, from minor annoyances like spam calls to more invasive disruptions such as persistent targeted ads.

In this article, we will explore what kind of data is being collected, who is collecting it, how it is done, and why this practice has become so widespread.

Who collects your data and why

In today’s data-driven world, information, especially user data, has become a highly valuable resource. Companies and organizations use it to make informed decisions, and, in many cases, monetize it. 

This data includes not just credit card numbers or sensitive financial details but also more seemingly innocuous information, such as your age, relationship status, interests, and even your location. 

Companies use this information to better promote their products and services, tailoring advertisements to match your specific interests. In contrast, scammers use this data to refine their fraudulent activities, targeting individuals more accurately based on their online behavior and preferences.

From the user’s point of view, the collection of this data is often seen as the price of using free services. It's important to recognize that free online platforms generally stay afloat through advertising revenue, which depends heavily on reaching the right audience. 

Without web analytics, companies wouldn’t be able to tailor their content and offerings effectively, which is why data collection has become so integral to their business models. 

That said, many users don't fully grasp the risks of their data being stolen or misused. While it might seem that leaking data on your browsing history or online shopping habits poses little risk, even this seemingly unimportant information can be used against you. For example, it could make you a target for phishing schemes or other forms of cyberattacks.

Entities collecting user data can include:

  • Browsers and websites: Using cookies, tracking tools, and local storage to gather data on your browsing habits, preferences, and interactions. This data helps improve user experience and allows companies to personalize advertising content.
  • Government agencies: They may collect data for purposes like national security, law enforcement, or monitoring for potential threats. Often, this involves social media monitoring and large-scale data analysis.
  • Private companies: Firms track user behavior to better understand consumer preferences, enabling them to offer targeted ads and refine their marketing strategies.
  • Cybercriminals: Through illegal methods such as phishing, criminals can gather sensitive data to carry out fraud, identity theft, or other illicit activities.

Data is collected for various reasons, ranging from enhancing service convenience to outright breaches of privacy. Being aware of what data is collected and how it's used can help minimize risks and safeguard personal information.

How data Is collected

The internet is an open source of information, and much of your personal data can be collected from publicly available platforms like social media profiles, professional websites, and online forms. Even without explicitly sharing sensitive information, companies and malicious actors can build a detailed profile of your interests, habits, and identity based on the digital trail you leave behind. 

Analytics services and web tracking tools monitor your online activities, from the websites you visit to the products you search for or purchase.

Companies use various tools to gather user data, including:

  • Web analytics platforms such as Google Analytics, which offer detailed insights into user behavior on websites.
  • Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems, which store and analyze customer data to better manage business-client relationships.
  • Social media analytics, which track user interactions like likes, comments, and follows to build an understanding of user interests.
  • Feedback mechanisms, such as reviews, surveys, and polls, that provide direct information from users about their preferences and satisfaction levels.

These tools enable companies to refine their products and services, ensuring they meet consumer demands while simultaneously improving the effectiveness of their marketing strategies.

Risks and threats

While marketing tools are generally used to create personalized ads and improve service quality, there are risks associated with data collection.

  • Privacy concerns: Even anonymized data carries the risk of being de-anonymized.
  • Data security: Companies must protect user data from leaks and cyberattacks.
  • Purpose of data use: Users may be unaware of how their data will be used, leading to potential misuse.

For instance, in 2018, Telegram agreed to share user data with authorities if users were suspected of terrorism. Additionally, users can lose control over how their personal data is used, which could lead to spam, unwanted calls, or more serious consequences like identity theft or account fraud.

Final thoughts

Practicing good digital hygiene is crucial in reducing the risks of personal data collection. Users should carefully review the privacy policies of websites and apps they use and limit sharing personal information to trusted platforms.

Legally, data collection on the internet must comply with strict regulations concerning personal data protection. Companies should publish privacy policies, seek user consent for data processing, and adhere to rules on data usage and sharing. In turn, users have the right to know how their data is used and to control its processing.

Marketing: Data sharks in the ocean of privacy

Sep 24, 2024 — 4 min read

The distribution of malware alongside cracked games or applications is one of the oldest tricks in the cybercriminal playbook. Surprisingly, even in 2024, there are still naive victims who believe in modern-day Robin Hood and assume that downloading cracked paid programs and games from pirate sites is perfectly safe. However, while this threat is old, criminals continuously invent new methods to deliver malware to the victim's computer to bypass security solutions.

A recent campaign of this kind was discovered targeting Apple computers with the latest versions of macOS (13.6 and above), utilizing the features of the Domain Name System (DNS) service to download malicious payloads. Victims are offered free downloads of cracked versions of popular applications. 

But what awaits those who succumb to temptation?

Fake activation

After downloading a disk image supposedly containing a cracked program, the victim is prompted to copy two files into the Applications folder: the application itself and an "activator" program. If only the application is copied and launched, it will not work. The instructions state that the cracked program must be "activated”. Analysis revealed that the activator's function is primitive—it removes a few initial bytes in the application's executable file, after which the application starts working. Essentially, the criminals took an already cracked application and modified it so that it could not be launched without the activator. Of course, the activator has an unpleasant additional function—upon launch, it requests administrator rights and, using them, installs a script loader in the system. This script downloads additional malicious payloads from the Internet—a backdoor that regularly requests commands from criminals.

Connection through DNS

To download the malicious script, the activator turns to a rather exotic and innocently appearing tool—the Domain Name System (DNS). It has an interesting technical feature. Each DNS record not only links the internet name of a server to its IP address but can also contain an arbitrary textual description of the server, known as a TXT record. The criminals exploited this by placing fragments of malicious code in TXT records. The activator downloads three TXT records from a malicious domain and assembles them into a ready script.

This seemingly complex scheme has several advantages. First, the activator does nothing particularly suspicious—accessing DNS records is a common activity for any internet application, and it is a necessary first step for any communication session. Second, by changing the domain's TXT records, criminals can easily update the script to modify the infection scheme and the final malicious payload. Third, removing malicious content from the network is not so simple due to the distributed structure of the domain name service. For internet providers and companies, it's even difficult to notice a policy violation, as each such TXT record is only a fragment of malicious code, which in itself does not pose a threat.

The final round

Thanks to the periodically launched script downloading scenario, criminals can update the malicious payload and perform any actions they need on the victim's computer. At the time of our analysis, they were interested in stealing cryptocurrency. The backdoor automatically searches the victim's computer for Exodus or Bitcoin wallets and replaces their applications with trojanized versions. The infected Exodus wallet steals the key phrase (seed phrase), and the infected Bitcoin wallet steals the encryption key that encrypts the private keys, allowing the attackers to sign transfers on behalf of the victim. Thus, by "saving" a few dozen dollars on cracked applications, one can lose an order of magnitude more in crypto.

Other famous cases of cryptocurrency hacking

One of the most high-profile cases in the history of cryptocurrencies is the 2014 hack of the Mt. Gox exchange, which resulted in the theft of around 850,000 Bitcoin. This incident highlighted the importance of cryptocurrency exchange security and led to stricter security measures in the industry. The Mt. Gox hack showed that even the largest platforms are not immune to attacks and that the importance of storing cryptocurrency in a secure wallet cannot be overstated.

Another famous case is the DAO (Decentralised Autonomous Organisation) hack in 2016 when over $50 million in Ether was stolen due to a vulnerability in a smart contract. This case highlighted the risks associated with technological innovation and the need for careful auditing of smart contract codes.

How to protect yourself from an attack on your crypto wallet

Let's state the obvious: to avoid the threat and not become a victim of criminals, download applications only from official app stores. If you want to download an application from the developer's site, ensure you are on the real site, not one of the many fake sites. If you are thinking about downloading a cracked version of an application—think again. "Honest and trustworthy" sites with pirated products are as rare as unicorns and elves.

It is also worth applying these safety measures:

  • Cold storage. Storing cryptocurrency in a wallet that is not connected to the internet is considered one of the most secure methods of protection. Cold wallets can be in the form of hardware devices or paper wallets.
  • Two-factor authentication. (2FA): Using 2FA to access cryptocurrency wallets and exchanges greatly increases security by adding an extra layer of verification.
  • Regular security audits. Regular security audits and software updates for wallets and exchanges help identify and address vulnerabilities.
  • Education and awareness. Understanding basic cybersecurity principles and being aware of current threats helps prevent many attacks.

These protections, while not guaranteeing complete security, greatly reduce the risk of losing your cryptocurrency to hacker attacks or fraud. It is important to remember that in the world of cryptocurrencies, security must come first, and every user is responsible for protecting their investment.

How to steal cryptocurrency through DNS

Sep 11, 2024 — 4 min read

Every year, billions of people go to the polls to determine their next political leaders. The results of elections around the world, from India to the United States to Europe, shape the geopolitical situation for years to come. Cybercriminals love to exploit important and large-scale events, and elections are no exception.

With every election, there are warnings about disinformation, deep fakes created by artificial intelligence, and possible interference in the electoral process in different countries. However, not only are government agencies and political parties targets, but millions of voters also actively read political news and discuss hot topics online.

This article examines the multifaceted goals of election cyberattacks. 

Goals of cyber attacks during elections

One of the primary objectives of cyber attacks during elections is to manipulate public perception. Disinformation campaigns, spearheaded by state-sponsored actors or independent hacker groups, aim to sow discord and confusion among the electorate. These campaigns often employ social media platforms to spread false information, create fake news, and amplify divisive narratives.

During the 2017 French Presidential Election, hackers leaked a trove of emails from Emmanuel Macron's campaign just days before the election. The data breach, known as "MacronLeaks," involved the theft and public release of thousands of internal documents. While the attack did not ultimately alter the election outcome, it demonstrated the potential for cyber espionage to disrupt and influence electoral processes.

Beyond shaping public opinion, cyber attackers often target the technical infrastructure that supports elections. This can include voter registration databases, voting machines, and election management systems. The goal here is to disrupt the electoral process, either by causing delays, creating confusion, or directly altering vote counts.

Cyber attackers frequently aim to steal sensitive information during elections. This information can include voter data, internal communications of political parties, or confidential documents. The stolen data can then be used for various purposes, such as blackmail, further disinformation, or direct financial gain.

Another significant goal of election-related cyber attacks is to undermine voter confidence in the electoral system. By creating a perception of insecurity and vulnerability, attackers aim to diminish public trust in the legitimacy of election results. This can lead to lower voter turnout, increased skepticism towards elected officials, and overall democratic destabilization.

In some cases, the explicit aim of cyber attacks during elections is to directly influence the outcome. This can involve hacking into voting systems to alter vote counts or manipulating voter registration databases to disenfranchise specific groups of voters.

Cyber attacks during elections can also target political campaigns themselves. By hacking campaign websites, stealing sensitive strategy documents, or launching denial-of-service attacks, malicious actors aim to disrupt the operations and effectiveness of political campaigns.

Lastly, cyber attacks during elections can serve broader economic and geopolitical objectives. By destabilizing a rival nation's political landscape, state-sponsored attackers can gain strategic advantages. This can involve weakening the targeted nation's international standing, creating favorable conditions for economic negotiations, or simply asserting dominance in the cyber domain.

Combating cyber attacks on elections

To combat these multifaceted threats, governments and organizations worldwide have implemented a range of strategies and technologies. Here are some key measures:

Strengthening cybersecurity infrastructure
Investing in robust cybersecurity infrastructure is critical. This includes deploying advanced intrusion detection systems, encrypting sensitive data, and regularly updating software to patch vulnerabilities. Many countries have established dedicated cybersecurity agencies to oversee these efforts. The U.S. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) plays a crucial role in protecting election infrastructure. CISA collaborates with state and local election officials to provide guidance, resources, and real-time threat intelligence. By fostering partnerships and promoting best practices, CISA helps bolster the resilience of election systems.

Enhancing public awareness
Educating the public about the tactics used in disinformation campaigns is vital. Media literacy programs and public awareness campaigns can help voters identify false information and reduce the impact of manipulative content.

International cooperation
Cyber threats often transcend national borders, making international cooperation essential. Sharing intelligence, collaborating on cybersecurity research, and developing common frameworks for election security are crucial steps in addressing the global nature of these threats. The European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA) works to enhance the cybersecurity capabilities of EU member states. ENISA provides expertise, conducts training exercises, and facilitates cooperation among nations to improve the security of electoral processes across Europe.

Implementing auditable voting systems and promoting transparency
Adopting voting systems that provide a verifiable paper trail can help ensure the integrity of election results. Post-election audits can detect and address any discrepancies, bolstering public confidence in the electoral process. Transparency in the electoral process is essential to maintaining public trust. Governments and election officials should communicate openly about the measures in place to secure elections and the steps taken to address any incidents. Estonia is a pioneer in digital voting, having implemented a secure online voting system since 2005. The system uses advanced encryption and authentication methods to ensure the security and integrity of votes. Additionally, Estonia provides transparency through public access to audit logs and extensive voter education.

Final thoughts 

Cyber attacks during elections are a real threat to democratic processes worldwide. Understanding the diverse objectives of malicious actors, from manipulating public perception to disrupting electoral infrastructure, is crucial for developing effective defenses.

By strengthening cybersecurity infrastructure, enhancing public awareness, fostering international cooperation, implementing auditable voting systems, and promoting transparency, we can better protect the integrity of elections. As technology continues to advance, so too must our strategies to safeguard our most fundamental democratic processes from cyber threats.

Cyber attacks during elections: What do malicious actors aim to achieve?

Sep 6, 2024 — 5 min read

If you have access to the internet, you’ve likely heard about “Hamster Kombat,” a game that has caused quite a stir worldwide. Alongside its not-so-obvious financial prospects and the risk of wasting your time, there are significant cybersecurity risks to be aware of. This article delves into the cybersecurity risks that users of Hamster Kombat and similar clicker games face.

What are clicker games and what makes them unique?

Clicker games, also known as incremental games, revolve around the repetitive action of tapping the screen to earn in-game currency. The coins you collect can be spent on upgrades that speed up the earning process or even automate it entirely. When the game runs in the background without any player input, it is often referred to as an “idle game.” These games are designed for endless progression and level advancement without demanding constant attention.

The appeal of clicker games dates back to 2013, when they first captured the public’s interest due to their simplicity and ability to provide a welcome distraction from daily life. Fast forward to 2024, and we see the resurgence of this genre with the introduction of Hamster Kombat, popularly known as the “hamster game.” 

The creators promised that the in-game currency could eventually be exchanged for real money once the Hamster Kombat coin was listed on a cryptocurrency exchange. Other clicker games like Yescoin, Blum, TapSwap, BIRD, 1WIN Token, and MemeFI have also emerged, each offering potential earning opportunities.

The risks faced

One of the main risks is phishing by the developers of clicker games. There have been instances where individuals join such projects and are asked to authenticate on phishing sites to “verify their Telegram account.” This can compromise the user’s Telegram account, exposing personal conversations and potentially leading to further phishing campaigns. For example, the compromised account could be used to send phishing links to all contacts.

In some projects, users are asked to enter their seed phrase to recover access to their cryptocurrency wallet. This is often presented as necessary for linking the wallet and withdrawing cryptocurrency. Unfortunately, this results in users losing all the cryptocurrency stored in the compromised wallet.

Another risk involves installing malicious software disguised as tasks or upgrades for the game account. Users may be prompted to “install an app on your smartphone to mine 30% more coins.” 

Such software can compromise the security of the user’s device, leading to data theft or unauthorized access to personal information.

In the least harmful scenarios, fraudulent projects result in wasted time and pointless task completion. Players receive no payments, while scammers profit from their subscriptions to external Telegram channels.An illustrative example is Hamster Kombat, where a hacker claimed to have exploited a vulnerability. By manipulating the game’s web version on Telegram, the hacker was able to earn all the in-game currency instantly by inputting the desired values into the browser console. This exploit highlights the importance of robust security measures and the potential risks associated with online games.

Information security threats in mobile gaming

Mobile gaming is not immune to cyber threats. There are several ways cybercriminals can attack users, categorized into risks related to users and those associated with irresponsible developers.

User-related risks include phishing, social engineering, malware, and client-side attacks. Phishing involves tricking users into divulging personal information by pretending to be a legitimate service. Social engineering manipulates users into performing actions or sharing confidential information. Malware can be introduced through malicious apps or updates, compromising the device’s security. Client-side attacks exploit vulnerabilities in the user’s device or applications.

Developer-related risks involve non-compliance with information security standards, unethical data collection, lack of security updates, exploitation of known vulnerabilities, and selling user data to third-party companies. 

Indeed, developers may not adhere to industry standards for data protection, leading to vulnerabilities. Unethical data collection practices can result in excessive user data being harvested and sold. A lack of security updates can leave applications vulnerable to attacks. 

Known vulnerabilities may be exploited if not addressed promptly, and user data may be sold without consent.

Additionally, game developers themselves may be dishonest and share user data with third parties. Popular games attracting hundreds of thousands of users are an enticing target for cybercriminals.

How to protect yourself

Using strong passwords is a fundamental step in protecting your online accounts. Ensure your passwords are complex and unique to each account, making them harder to guess or crack.

Enabling two-factor authentication (2FA) provides an additional layer of security. Where possible, enable 2FA for your accounts. This adds a second step to the login process, typically involving a code sent to your phone or email, making it more difficult for unauthorized users to gain access.

Avoiding suspicious links and offers is crucial. Be cautious of links and offers that seem too good to be true. These can often be phishing attempts designed to steal your personal information or credentials. Regularly updating your operating system and apps is essential for mitigating known vulnerabilities. Software updates often include security patches that protect against the latest threats. Ensure your devices and applications are always up to date.

Verifying the authenticity of requests for personal information or credentials can prevent phishing attacks. Always double-check the source of such requests and ensure they are legitimate before providing any information. Installing reliable antivirus software can help detect and prevent malware infections. Choose a reputable antivirus solution and keep it updated to protect your device from malicious software.

Additional cybersecurity measures

Using a Virtual Private Network (VPN) can add a layer of security by masking your IP address and encrypting your internet connection, making it harder for cybercriminals to track your online activities. VPNs are especially useful when accessing public Wi-Fi networks, which are often less secure.

Regularly backing up your data ensures that you have copies of your important information in case of a cyber attack or data loss incident. Store backups in a secure location, separate from your main devices, to protect against ransomware and other threats.

Always use secure, encrypted connections (HTTPS) when entering personal information online to protect your data from being intercepted. Check for the padlock icon in the address bar to ensure the connection is secure.

Staying informed about the latest cybersecurity threats and how to counter them is crucial. Participate in cybersecurity training and stay updated with reliable sources of cybersecurity news. Knowledge is a powerful tool in protecting yourself from cyber threats. Regularly monitor your accounts for any suspicious activity. Early detection can help mitigate the damage caused by unauthorized access. Set up alerts for unusual account activity and review your account statements regularly.

The future of clicker games and cybersecurity

As clicker games continue to evolve, so will the methods used by cybercriminals. Developers and players alike must remain vigilant and adopt robust security practices. The integration of blockchain technology in these games presents new opportunities and challenges. While blockchain can enhance security through decentralized and transparent processes, it also introduces complexities that require careful management.

One emerging trend is the use of smart contracts in blockchain-based games. Smart contracts can automate and secure transactions, but they are also susceptible to vulnerabilities if not properly coded. Ensuring that smart contracts are audited by cybersecurity experts is essential to prevent exploits.

Final thoughts 

Clicker games, while entertaining, come with a variety of cybersecurity risks. Users must remain vigilant and practice good cybersecurity hygiene to protect their personal information and devices. By being aware of these risks and taking proactive measures, players can enjoy these games without compromising their security.

Cybersecurity risks hidden in clicker games

Sep 5, 2024 — 4 min read

Wi-Fi networks have seamlessly integrated into our lives, becoming as commonplace and expected as electricity flowing through an outlet. They're found everywhere: in homes, cafes, shopping centers, offices, public transport, and even in nature, with our phones often serving as personal hotspots. However, it's easy to overlook that Wi-Fi networks can be a vulnerable point through which cybercriminals might gain access to our devices.

In the context of home Wi-Fi, attackers often aim for personal data such as passwords, banking details, or personal information. Moreover, compromised home Wi-Fi networks can be leveraged for illicit online activities, including downloading pirated content or launching cyberattacks against other systems.

For business Wi-Fi networks, the stakes are higher. Attackers might target confidential corporate information, including financial records, customer data, or proprietary secrets, potentially disrupting business operations. Such breaches can lead to significant consequences, including data leaks, financial losses, or damage to the company's reputation.

The process of Wi-Fi hacking

Wi-Fi hacking can be as simple as a neighbor or someone in a nearby office building not wanting to pay for their internet and attempting to use someone else's. Their goal isn't necessarily malicious; often, they just need the router's password, which can be obtained using specialized hacking software. It's important to note that accessing a network without permission is illegal, and such software should only be used for testing the security of one's own network.

Wi-Fi hacking tools typically employ a brute force attack, trying every possible combination of letters and numbers to crack the password. The complexity of the password directly affects the time required to breach it.

In homes, routers connect a wide array of devices, making them a prime target for hackers. Gaining access to a router can open up numerous possibilities for malicious activities, such as data theft, surveillance, or even using the devices for DDoS attacks or covert cryptocurrency mining.

If direct password cracking fails, attackers might exploit security protocol vulnerabilities or create fake access points. For instance, vulnerabilities in WPA-2 security technology were exploited using Key Reinstallation Attacks (KRACK), and in 2024, new vulnerabilities were discovered in Wpa_supplicant software and the iNet Wireless Daemon (IWD).

Another method to gain network access involves social engineering, such as asking for the Wi-Fi password by pretending to be a client or employee.

Identifying a compromised network

The challenge of detecting a hacked network varies significantly between home and corporate environments due to the scale and complexity of the networks involved. For home networks, signs of unauthorized access can often be quite apparent. A sudden decrease in internet speed can indicate that outsiders are consuming bandwidth. Additionally, unfamiliar devices appearing in the router's connected devices list is a telltale sign of a security breach. These indicators are relatively easy to monitor and can quickly alert homeowners to potential security issues.

Corporate networks, however, present a more complex challenge. The sheer volume of devices and the breadth of network activity can obscure the signs of unauthorized access. Yet, there are nuanced indicators that IT professionals can monitor. Unexpected software installations can be a red flag, especially if the new software is unknown or unauthorized by the company's IT department. Similarly, unusual spikes in network traffic or abnormal data flows can indicate that an intruder is siphoning data or exploiting the network for malicious purposes. Monitoring for these signs requires a sophisticated approach, often involving advanced network monitoring tools and a keen understanding of normal network behavior to spot anomalies.

Fortifying Wi-Fi security: strategies and best practices

The first line of defense in network security is the router, serving as the gateway between the internet and the devices on the network. The market offers a wide range of routers, from basic models suitable for home use to advanced routers designed for the complex needs of businesses. The choice of router should be informed by the specific needs and security requirements of the user or organization.

For home networks, security experts advise against the complacency of sticking with the default settings provided by the router manufacturer. One of the simplest yet most effective security measures is changing the default password to a complex, unique one. This step alone can thwart a significant number of unauthorized access attempts. Renaming the network SSID to something generic that doesn't reveal personal information or the router model can also deter potential attackers. Additionally, disabling network discovery and enabling MAC address filtering can further secure the network by making it invisible to casual scans and ensuring that only devices with approved MAC addresses can connect.

Corporate networks require a more layered approach to security, given the higher stakes involved. Routers with advanced security features that can be integrated into a broader security framework are essential. These routers often come with the capability for regular security updates and can be configured to work with Security Incident and Event Management (SIEM) systems, providing real-time monitoring and analysis of security alerts generated by network hardware and applications. For businesses, the security of the router and the network it supports is not just about protecting data; it's also about safeguarding the company's reputation and financial well-being.

Beyond the technical configurations, both home users and businesses must adopt a proactive stance on network security. This includes staying informed about the latest security threats and trends, regularly updating router firmware and network security software, and educating all users about the importance of security practices such as using strong passwords and recognizing phishing attempts.

Conclusion

In 2024, the importance of securing our Wi-Fi networks cannot be overstated. The convenience and connectivity offered by these networks come with inherent risks, making them prime targets for cybercriminals. By understanding the methods employed by hackers and implementing robust security measures, individuals and businesses can significantly mitigate the risks associated with Wi-Fi usage. In the end, the key to safeguarding our digital domains lies in a combination of advanced technology, vigilant monitoring, and an unwavering commitment to cybersecurity.

The invisible connection: Unveiling Wi-Fi vulnerabilities and shielding strategies